An international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration
Open accessAbstract
A common detection and classification system is needed for epidemiologic studies of age-related maculopathy (ARM). Such a grading scheme for ARM is described in this paper. ARM is defined as a degenerative disorder in persons > or = 50 years of age characterized on grading of color fundus transparencies by the presence of the following abnormalities in the macular area: soft drusen > or = 63 microns, hyperpigmentation and/or hypopigmentation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), RPE and associated neurosensory detachment, (peri)retinal hemorrhages, geographic atrophy of the RPE, or (peri)retinal fibrous scarring in the absence of other retinal (vascular) disorders. Visual acuity is not used to define the presence of ARM. Early ARM is defined as the presence of drusen and RPE pigmentary abnormalities described above; late ARM is similar to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and includes dry AMD (geographic atrophy of the RPE in the absence of neovascular AMD) or neovascular AMD (RPE detachment, hemorrhages, and/or scars as described above). Methods to take and grade fundus transparencies are described.
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Age is the strongest risk factor for age-related macular degeneration; all population-based studies confirm that the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration increases with age in white individuals.
“Age is the strongest risk factor for age-related macular degeneration; all population-based studies confirm that the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration increases with age in white individuals.3,22–27”
From Age-related macular degeneration (2008) · cites this paper as [3]
Grading was carried out using a standard grid classification suggested by the International Age-Related Maculopathy Epidemiological Study Group for age-related maculopathy and AMD.
“Grading was carried out using a standard grid classification suggested by the International Age-Related Maculopathy Epidemiological Study Group for age-related maculopathy and AMD [23].”
From CFH Y402H confers similar risk of soft drusen and both forms of advanced AMD (2005) · cites this paper as [23]
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- Authors
- Bird, A. C., Bressler, N. M., Bressler, S. B., Chisholm, I. H., Coscas, G., Davis, M. D., de Jong, P. T. V. M., Klaver, C. C. W., Klein, B. E. K., Klein, R., Mitchell, P., Sarks, J. P., Sarks, S. H., Soubrane, G., Taylor, H. R., & Vingerling, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (NL)
- Venue
- Survey of Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-03
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 367-374
- ISSN
- 0039-6257 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2069110097
- Cited by
- 1,926
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 95 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 87 · 2013: 102 · 2012: 106
- FWCI
- 31.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Survey of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (U01 EY06594)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome
- Keywords
- age-related maculopathy, age-related macular degeneration, classification systems, grading system, drusen, retinal pigment epithelium, geographic atrophy, retinal detachment, neovascular AMD, dry age-related macular degeneration
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Fundus Oculi, Humans, International Cooperation, Macula Lutea, Macular Degeneration, Middle Aged, Photography
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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