The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Long-term Effects of Cognitive Training on Everyday Functional Outcomes in Older Adults
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Cognitive training has been shown to improve cognitive abilities in older adults but the effects of cognitive training on everyday function have not been demonstrated. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of cognitive training on daily function and durability of training on cognitive abilities. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Five-year follow-up of a randomized controlled single-blind trial with 4 treatment groups. A volunteer sample of 2832 persons (mean age, 73.6 years; 26% black), living independently in 6 US cities, was recruited from senior housing, community centers, and hospitals and clinics. The study was conducted between April 1998 and December 2004. Five-year follow-up was completed in 67% of the sample. INTERVENTIONS: Ten-session training for memory (verbal episodic memory), reasoning (inductive reasoning), or speed of processing (visual search and identification); 4-session booster training at 11 and 35 months after training in a random sample of those who completed training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported and performance-based measures of daily function and cognitive abilities. RESULTS: The reasoning group reported significantly less difficulty in the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) than the control group (effect size, 0.29; 99% confidence interval [CI], 0.03-0.55). Neither speed of processing training (effect size, 0.26; 99% CI, -0.002 to 0.51) nor memory training (effect size, 0.20; 99% CI, -0.06 to 0.46) had a significant effect on IADL. The booster training for the speed of processing group, but not for the other 2 groups, showed a significant effect on the performance-based functional measure of everyday speed of processing (effect size, 0.30; 99% CI, 0.08-0.52). No booster effects were seen for any of the groups for everyday problem-solving or self-reported difficulty in IADL. Each intervention maintained effects on its specific targeted cognitive ability through 5 years (memory: effect size, 0.23 [99% CI, 0.11-0.35]; reasoning: effect size, 0.26 [99% CI, 0.17-0.35]; speed of processing: effect size, 0.76 [99% CI, 0.62-0.90]). Booster training produced additional improvement with the reasoning intervention for reasoning performance (effect size, 0.28; 99% CI, 0.12-0.43) and the speed of processing intervention for speed of processing performance (effect size, 0.85; 99% CI, 0.61-1.09). CONCLUSIONS: Reasoning training resulted in less functional decline in self-reported IADL. Compared with the control group, cognitive training resulted in improved cognitive abilities specific to the abilities trained that continued 5 years after the initiation of the intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00298558.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For instance, research suggests that when individuals participate in a cognitive-training program, the beneficial effects on cognitive performance tend to be relatively narrow in scope, usually localized to the specific cognitive test that was trained (e.g., Ball et al., 2002; Willis et al., 2006; but see Tranter & Koutstaal, 2008).”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Willis et al., 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“No transfer effects were observed on performance-based measures of everyday problem solving or everyday speed of processing.”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Willis et al., 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Willis et al. (2006) reported 5-year retest data on the sample, showing that training benefits were still observed after the longer retention interval.”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Willis et al., 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“All older adults showed some aggregate decline in IADL, but this decline was milder in the reasoning training group.”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Willis et al., 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For example, Willis et al. (2006) showed that reasoning training had 5-year lagged benefits on self-reported aspects of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) by older adults (see also Wolinsky et al., 2006).”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Willis et al., 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The memory training and speedof-processing training did not show differential preservation, relative to controls.”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Willis et al., 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Given at least some evidence that training programs may be associated with improvements in functional status (e.g., Willis et al., 2006), it is certainly the case that the potential for reducing morbidity and dependence in older populations through long-term cognitive enrichment programs is real.”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Willis et al., 2006
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Some previous studies have adopted what might be termed an inoculation or vaccination model. That is, a single ''dose'' of an intervention is provided, occasionally followed by a small number of refresher doses (e.g., Ball et al., 2002; Willis et al., 2006).”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Willis et al., 2006
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Hirono, N., Mori, E., Ikejiri, Y., Imamura, T., Shimomura, T., Hashimoto, M., Yamashita, H., & Ikeda, M. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 21,012
Kok, J. S., Berg, I. J., & Scherder, E. J. A. (2013) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000353441 · Cited by 20,589
Older Adults' Reasons for Using Technology while Aging in Place
Peek, S. T. M., Luijkx, K. G., Rijnaard, M. D., Nieboer, M. E., van der Voort, C. S., Aarts, S., van Hoof, J., Vrijhoef, H. J., & Wouters, E. (2015) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000430949 · Cited by 19,852
Sensitivity and False Alarm Rate of a Fall Sensor in Long-Term Fall Detection in the Elderly
Kangas, M., Korpelainen, R., Vikman, I., Nyberg, L., & Jämsä, T. J. (2014) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000362720 · Cited by 19,007
Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data
Schafer, J. L. (1997) · doi:10.1201/9781439821862 · Cited by 6,012
Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data
Booth, D. E., & Schafer, J. L. (2000) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1271466 · Cited by 5,627
Nonparametrics: Statistical Methods Based on Ranks
Mergenthaler, M. J., & Lehmann, E. L. (1979) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1268531 · Cited by 3,353
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- [15]15. Wolinsky, F.; Miller, D. Disability concepts and measurement: contributions of the epidemiology of disability to gerontological inquiry. In: Wilmoth, J.; Ferraro, K., editors. Gerontology: Perspectives and Issues. 3rd ed. Springer Publishing; New York, NY: 2006.
- [22]22. Ball, K. Increased mobility and reducing accidents of older drivers. In: Schaie, K.; Pietrucha, M., editors. Mobility and Transportation in the Elderly. Vol. Vol 5. Springer; New York, NY: 2000. p. 213-250.
- [25]25. Rey A. L'examen psychologique dans les cas d'encephalopathie tramatique. Arch Psychol 1941;28:286-340.
- [27]27. Gonda, J.; Schaie, K. Schaie-Thurstone Mental Abilities Test: Word Series Test. Consulting Psychologists Press; Palo Alto, Calif: 1985.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ngandu, T., Lehtisalo, J., Solomon, A., Levälahti, E., Ahtiluoto, S., Antikainen, R., Bäckman, L., Hänninen, T., Jula, A., Laatikainen, T., et al. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60461-5 · Cited by 3,689
The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence
Barnes, D. E., & Yaffe, K. S. (2011) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(11)70072-2 · Cited by 2,846
Harada, C. N., Love, M. C. N., & Triebel, K. L. (2013) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2013.07.002 · Cited by 2,649
The role of executive function and attention in gait
Yogev‐Seligmann, G., Hausdorff, J. M., & Giladi, N. (2007) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.21720 · Cited by 2,312
Defeating Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: a priority for European science and society
Winblad, B., Amouyel, P., Andrieu, S., Ballard, C., Brayne, C., Brodaty, H., Cedazo-Minguez, A., Dubois, B., Edvardsson, D., Feldman, H., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00062-4 · Cited by 1,676
Metadata
- Authors
- Willis, S. L., Tennstedt, S. L., Marsiske, M., Ball, K., Elias, J., Koepke, K. M., Morris, J. N., Rebok, G. W., Unverzagt, F. W., Stoddard, A. M., Wright, E., & ACTIVE Study Group, F. T.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- New England Research Institutes (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- University of Alabama (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Hebrew SeniorLife (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Indiana University Indianapolis (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2006-12-20
- Volume
- 296
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 2805
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC2910591
- OpenAlex
- W2131162932
- Cited by
- 1,496
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 100 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 100 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 125 · 2014: 111 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 101
- FWCI
- 36.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University (AG14282, AG14263, NR04507, AG14289, U01 AG14260, NR04508)
- New England Research Institutes (AG14282, U01 AG14282, NR04508, AG14263, NR04507, AG14289)
- School of Medicine, Indiana University ((U01 NR04508), NR04508)
- National Institute on Aging (U01 AG14282, U01AG014260, U01 AG 14263, R37AG024102, U01AG14260, U01-AG14289, U01AG014289, U01AG014263, U01AG014276, U01AG014282, U01 AG14276)
- National Institute of Nursing Research (U01NR004507, U01NR04507, U01NR004508, U01 NR04508)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- cognitive training, older adults, daily functioning, instrumental activities of daily living, booster training, memory training, inductive reasoning, processing speed, visual search, problem solving, cognitive aging, independent living, senior housing, community-dwelling older adults, self-efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Memory, Mental Processes, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Single-Blind Method
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
