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Cited by 2,049Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchCognitive Functions and MemoryCognitive Abilities and Testing

Effects of Cognitive Training Interventions With Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Open access
Ball, Karlene, Berch, Daniel B., Helmers, Karin F., Jobe, Jared B., Leveck, Mary D., Marsiske, Michael, Morris, John N., Rebok, George W. +5 more·2002·JAMA
DOI 10.1001/jama.288.18.2271PMC PMC2916176
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Abstract

CONTEXT: Cognitive function in older adults is related to independent living and need for care. However, few studies have addressed whether improving cognitive functions might have short- or long-term effects on activities related to living independently. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether 3 cognitive training interventions improve mental abilities and daily functioning in older, independent-living adults. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled, single-blind trial with recruitment conducted from March 1998 to October 1999 and 2-year follow-up through December 2001. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Volunteer sample of 2832 persons aged 65 to 94 years recruited from senior housing, community centers, and hospital/clinics in 6 metropolitan areas in the United States. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: 10-session group training for memory (verbal episodic memory; n = 711), or reasoning (ability to solve problems that follow a serial pattern; n = 705), or speed of processing (visual search and identification; n = 712); or a no-contact control group (n = 704). For the 3 treatment groups, 4-session booster training was offered to a 60% random sample 11 months later. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cognitive function and cognitively demanding everyday functioning. RESULTS: Thirty participants were incorrectly randomized and were excluded from the analysis. Each intervention improved the targeted cognitive ability compared with baseline, durable to 2 years (P<.001 for all). Eighty-seven percent of speed-, 74% of reasoning-, and 26% of memory-trained participants demonstrated reliable cognitive improvement immediately after the intervention period. Booster training enhanced training gains in speed (P<.001) and reasoning (P<.001) interventions (speed booster, 92%; no booster, 68%; reasoning booster, 72%; no booster, 49%), which were maintained at 2-year follow-up (P<.001 for both). No training effects on everyday functioning were detected at 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Results support the effectiveness and durability of the cognitive training interventions in improving targeted cognitive abilities. Training effects were of a magnitude equivalent to the amount of decline expected in elderly persons without dementia over 7- to 14-year intervals. Because of minimal functional decline across all groups, longer follow-up is likely required to observe training effects on everyday function.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/jama.288.18.2271

Cites

52 of 52 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 38 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Most participants stayed functionally independent throughout the 24-month observation period.

    “the vast majority of this sample remained functionally independent over the course of the 24-month observation period.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The interventions showed no detectable effect on daily functioning at two years.

    “No training effects on everyday functioning were detected at 2 years.”
    • Also stated in: § COMMENT · hedged
      “It did not, however, demonstrate the generalization of such interventions to everyday performance, at least in the initial 2 years.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Reasoning and speed booster sessions given shortly before A1 yielded significantly better cognitive performance.

    “boosters for reasoning and speed training administered shortly before A1 produced significantly better performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Secondary analyses showed large immediate gains on cognitive outcomes from the interventions.

    “secondary analyses indicated large immediate intervention gains on the cognitive outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The memory booster had no detectable effect on the memory proximal composite.

    “No effect was detected for memory booster on the memory proximal composite.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 25
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 10

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    ACTIVE training's net effect on functional outcome composites was generally small, mostly under 0.10, and not significantly different from zero at A1 or A2.

    “These effects were generally small on the effect-size scale-most were below 0.10-and did not differ significantly from zero at A1 or A2.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    87% of speed-trained, 74% of reasoning-trained, and 26% of memory-trained participants showed reliable cognitive improvement immediately after the intervention.

    “Eighty-seven percent of speed-, 74% of reasoning-, and 26% of memorytrained participants demonstrated reliable cognitive improvement immediately after the intervention period.”
    • Also stated in: § RESULTS · boosted
      “Eighty-seven percent of speedtrained, 74% of reasoning-trained, and 26% of memory-trained participants demonstrated reliable improvement on the pertinent cognitive composite immediately following intervention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The ADL decline rate was 6% at 12 months and 8% at 24 months.

    “a relatively low ADL decline rate (defined as ≥2 points on the summary measure) of 6% was observed at 12 months, with a modest increase to 8% at 24 months.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Booster sessions increased the gains from speed and reasoning training, and those gains persisted at the two-year follow-up.

    “Booster training enhanced training gains in speed (P<.001) and reasoning (P<.001) interventions (speed booster, 92%; no booster, 68%; reasoning booster, 72%; no booster, 49%), which were maintained at 2-year follow-up (P<.001 for both).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Every intervention produced improvement on the cognitive ability it targeted relative to baseline, with effects lasting two years.

    “Each intervention improved the targeted cognitive ability compared with baseline, durable to 2 years (P<.001 for all).”
    • Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
      “Each training program produced an immediate effect on its corresponding cognitive ability.”
    • Also stated in: § COMMENT · boosted
      “Overall, this large-scale study demonstrated that cognitive interventions helped normal elderly individuals to perform better on multiple measures of the specific cognitive ability for which they were trained.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Compared with no booster, speed booster participants performed significantly better at A1 on functioning and everyday speed composites and marginally better at A2.

    “participants randomized to speed booster performed significandy better at A1 on the functioning and everyday speed composites (P<.05), and marginally better at A2 (P<.10).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the proportion showing reliable gain in the trained domain, booster effects appeared for speed (boost 92%, no boost 68%, control 32%) and reasoning (boost 72%, no boost 49%, control 31%).

    “booster effects occurred for the speed conditions (boost, 92%; no boost, 68%; control, 32%) and the reasoning conditions (boost, 72%; no boost, 49%; control, 31%).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A similar share of control participants improved, and the control group's reliable retest gain rate stayed fairly stable across intervals.

    “a comparable proportion of control participants also improved, and the proportion of control participants exhibiting reliable retest gain remained fairly constant across study intervals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Cognitive effects persisted from baseline to A2, especially among boosted participants (79% speed boost vs 37% controls; 57% reasoning boost vs 35% controls).

    “cognitive effects were maintained from baseline to A2, particularly for boosted participants (79% [speed boost] vs37% [controls]; 57% [reasoning boost] vs 35% [controls]).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The immediate speed training effect was 1.46 SD, roughly nine times the expected two-year decline in older adults without dementia.

    “Immediate speed training effects (1.46 SD) were therefore 9 times greater than the expected decline over a 2-year interval in elderly persons without dementia.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Training effects on proximal composites declined over time but remained statistically significant through 24 months.

    “Although training impact on the proximal composites decreased over time, it remained statistically significant, attesting to the durability of the intervention training effects.”
    • Also stated in: § COMMENT · boosted
      “In summary, it is clear that proximal training effects occurred, that they continued (albeit at lower levels) through 24 months”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At 12 months, 25% of participants had a 2-point or greater drop on the 36-point IADL scale; by 24 months, 28% had this small increase in dependency.

    “At 12 months, only 25% of participants experienced a 2-point or greater drop in the 36-point IADL scale, while by 24 months 28% had experienced this small increase in dependency.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    On the 30-point ADL performance scale, 6% were more dependent at 12 months and 8% at 24 months.

    “For the 30-point ADL performance scale, 6% were more dependent at 12 months and 8% at 24 months.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Limited education is a risk factor for dementia.

    “limited education has been found to be a risk factor for dementia.7”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Nearly half of community-dwelling adults aged 60 and older report concern about declining mental abilities.

    “Nearly half of community-dwelling persons aged 60 years and older express concern about declining mental abilities.1”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The analytic sample consisted of 2802 participants randomized by the New England Research Institutes using a concealed system.

    “The analytic sample consists of 2802 participants randomized by the New England Research Institutes with a concealed system.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The ACTIVE trial was randomized, controlled, single-blind, and used a four-group design with a no-contact control and three intervention groups.

    “The ACTIVE trial was sponsored by the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Nursing Research, and was randomized, controlled, and single-blind, using a 4group design, including a no-contact control group and 3 intervention groups (memory training, reasoning training, or speed-of-processing training).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Booster training was provided to a random subsample in each intervention group.

    “Booster training was provided to a random sub sample in each intervention group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Assessors were blinded to participants' intervention assignment.

    “Assessors were blinded to participant intervention assignment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Intention-to-treat analyses were used.

    “Intention-to-treat analyses were used.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Missing data were imputed using multiple imputation procedures and the analysis was repeated to determine whether selective attrition influenced trial results.

    “Then, to determine if selective attrition influenced the trial results, missing data were imputed using multiple imputation procedures, 46 and the analysis was repeated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Training exposure and social contact were standardized across interventions so each intervention served as a contact control for the other two.

    “Training exposure and social contact were standardized across interventions so that each intervention served as a contact control for the other 2 interventions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Covariate-adjusted analyses showed a similar overall pattern, with effect sizes universally higher after adjustment.

    “While effect sizes were universally higher after adjusting for age, sex, education, visual function, and mental status, the overall pattern of results was the same and is not presented here.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    ACTIVE advanced on earlier studies by using a multisite randomized controlled design, a large diverse sample, common multisite protocols, and by assessing primary outcomes and long-term transfer to daily activities.

    “the ACTIVE trial improved on previous studies in that it used a multisite, randomized, controlled design; included a large, diverse sample; used common multisite intervention protocols; and examined primary outcomes as well as long-term transfer effects to everyday activities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The effect sizes match or exceed longitudinal decline reported previously, which suggests the interventions may reverse age-related decline.

    “these effect sizes are comparable with or greater than the amount of longitudinal decline that has been reported in previous studies (Table 5), suggesting that these interventions have the potential to reverse age-related decline.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [53]

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [54]

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [55]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Imputed-data analyses produced the same outcomes, indicating selective attrition did not affect the trial results.

    “Similarly, analyses of imputed data sets did not differ in outcomes, suggesting that the trial results were not influenced by selective attrition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Eighty-nine percent completed at least eight training sessions, and 80% of the sample remained at the two-year follow-up.

    “Eighty-nine percent of participants completed treatment (≥8 training sessions), and 80% of the sample was retained at the 2-year follow-up, despite the advanced age of the cohort.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In elderly people without dementia, reasoning ability declines by about 0.22 SD over 7 years (ages 67-74) and 0.42 SD over 14 years (ages 67-81).

    “age-related decline for reasoning ability in samples of elderly persons without dementia has been found to be on the order of 0.22 SD over a 7-year interval (ages 67-74 years) and to increase to 0.42 SD over a 14-year interval (ages 67-81 years).53”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [53]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The lack of transfer to real-world outcomes is not especially surprising.

    “The absence of transfer to real-world outcomes is not particularly surprising.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Several decades of cognitive science research show that transfer from cognitive training to real-world outcomes is difficult to obtain.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    With more than 80% retention over two years and no differential loss between treatment and control, the study should have had sufficient power to detect a significant cognitive-training effect on functional outcomes.

    “Given that we retained more than 80% of the initial sample over the 2-year follow-up period and found no differential loss across treatment and control conditions, there should have been sufficient power to detect a significant effect of the cognitive training on the functional outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Power calculations used six Bonferroni-corrected two-sided comparisons, an overall alpha of .05, a baseline-to-follow-up correlation of 0.7 from pilot data, and an 80% completion rate.

    “Power calculations were based on 6 Bonferroni corrected, 2-sided comparisons with an overall a level of .05, a correlation of 0.7 between baseline and follow-up (based on pilot data), and an 80% completion rate.17”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17]

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Reliable age-related decline on everyday problem-solving tasks does not occur until the mid-seventies, while reasoning and memory declines typically occur in the mid-sixties.

    “Reliable age-related decline on everyday problem-solving tasks has been shown not to occur until individuals are in their mid seventies, whereas declines on basic abilities such as reasoning and memory typically occur in their mid sixties.58”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58]

      Not checked in the free run.

32 of 32

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many cognitive abilities and processes are linked to functional status, need for care, and quality of life.

    “Although there is substantial evidence that many cognitive abilities and processes are related to measures of functional status, need for care, and quality of life”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Few studies have tested whether improving cognition affects short- or long-term activities needed for independent living.

    “few studies have addressed whether improving cognitive functions might have shortor long-term effects on activities related to living independently.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Neural plasticity persists throughout life.

    “neural plasticity endures across the lifespan”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Environmental cognitive stimulation is a key predictor of improving and maintaining cognitive functioning, even in old age.

    “cognitive stimulation in the environment is an important predictor of enhancement and maintenance of cognitive functioning, even in old age.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Earlier cognitive training studies in older adults often gave little attention to suitable control groups, participant representativeness or heterogeneity, generalizability beyond specific laboratories, or adherence to training protocols.

    “prior cognitive training studies with older adults have often paid relatively little attention to the use of appropriate control groups, the representativeness or heterogeneity of participants, the generalizability of training findings beyond particular laboratories, or adherence of participants to training protocols.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The wider effects of training on daily functioning in older adults have largely not been studied.

    “the broader implications of training on daily functioning in older adults, for the most part, have not been studied.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Prior cognitive interventions, especially memory training, have not demonstrated two-year durability.

    “since prior interventions (especially memory) have not shown 2-year durability.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Prior cognitive training research did not use intention-to-treat analyses and excluded participants who dropped out or were noncompliant.

    “prior cognitive training research has not used intention-to-treat analyses, instead excluding participants who dropped out or were noncompliant.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Prior research did not use samples diverse in education and ethnicity.

    “In addition, prior research has not used diverse samples in terms of education and ethnicity.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Several decades of cognitive science research show that transfer from cognitive training to real-world outcomes is difficult to obtain.

    “In addition to several decades of cognitive science research demonstrating the difficulty of obtaining such transfer”
10 of 10

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The ACTIVE study found that cognitive training groups demonstrated improvements on trained tasks which remained over time and evidence of transfer to functional tasks.

    “The Advanced Cognitive Training in Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study examined the longitudinal effects of cognitive training in 2,832 older adults [10]. Cognitive training groups demonstrated improvements on trained tasks which remained over time and evidence of transfer to functional tasks [10–12].”

    From Primary outcome from the augmenting cognitive training in older adults study (ACT): A tDCS and cognitive training randomized clinical trial (2023) · cites this paper as [10]

    The Results and Comment sections support lasting improvements in the trained cognitive abilities. But the Abstract states that no training effects on everyday functioning were detected at two years, and the Comment explicitly describes an absence of transfer to real-world outcomes. The claim’s assertion of evidence of transfer to functional tasks is therefore contrary to this paper’s finding; page numbers were not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)

    Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • When individuals participate in a cognitive-training program, beneficial effects on cognitive performance tend to be relatively narrow, usually localized to the specific cognitive test trained.

    “For instance, research suggests that when individuals participate in a cognitive-training program, the beneficial effects on cognitive performance tend to be relatively narrow in scope, usually localized to the specific cognitive test that was trained (e.g., Ball et al., 2002; Willis et al., 2006; but see Tranter &amp; Koutstaal, 2008).”

    From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Ball et al., 2002

    The COMMENT section reports improvements on multiple measures of the cognitive ability trained, without demonstrated transfer to everyday performance over two years. But the Measures section explicitly says outcomes were designed to assess an ability rather than performance on a specific test. The study also concerns older adults, not individuals generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Individuals trained in visual search showed strong gains in visual-search performance but little improvement in memory and reasoning tests relative to controls.

    “For example, individuals trained in visual search showed strong gains in visual-search performance but little improvement, relative to controls, in performance on the memory and reasoning tests.”

    From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Ball et al., 2002

    The Interventions section describes speed-of-processing training as focused on visual search, and the Results section reports large gains in the trained speed domain relative to controls. The passages do not report how the visual-search group performed on memory and reasoning tests relative to controls; the Comment section's finding about limited generalization concerns everyday performance, not those tests. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Training skills for one ability has generally not been found to improve performance on other abilities.

    “That is, training of skills relevant for one ability has not generally been found to improve performance on other abilities (e.g., Ball et al., 2002).”

    From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Ball et al., 2002

    The Comment section reports that training improved multiple measures of the specific cognitive ability trained, which supports the claim’s emphasis on ability-specific gains. It reports no generalization to everyday performance over two years, but does not establish the broader claim that training one ability generally fails to improve other cognitive abilities. (LLM, conf=0.81)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Mental stimulation and cognitive training improve memory in older adults.

    “Findings showing that mental stimulation and cognitive training improve memory in older adults43,44 have led to the development of several memory apps and computer games.”

    From Brain health consequences of digital technology use (2020) · cites this paper as [43]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Total eligible count excludes participants later described as eligible

    Minor

    The results state that 2,832 people were eligible, but later identify 1,263 eligible people who were not randomized in addition to 2,802 who were randomized. Those two groups alone total 4,065 eligible people.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 7

  1. Recanzone, GH. Cerebral cortical plasticity: perception and skill acquisition. In: Gazzaniga, S., editor. The New Cognitive Neurosciences. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press; 2000. p. 237-247.
  2. Pietrucha, M., editors. Mobility and Transportation in the Elderly. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co Inc; 2000. p. 213-251.
  3. Folstein MF, Flolstein SE, McHugh PR. "Minimental state ": a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975;12:189-198. [PubMed: 1202204]
  4. Kliegl R, Smith J, Baltes PB. On the locus and process of magnification of age differences during mnemonic training. Dev Psychol 1990;26:894-904.
  5. Ball K, Beard B, Roenker D, Miller R, Ball D. Visual search: age and practice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988;29:448.
  6. Rey A. L'examen psychologique dans les cas d'encephalopathie tramatique. Archives de Psychologie 1941;28:21.
  7. Gonda, J.; Schaie, K. Schaie-Thurstone Mental Abilities Test: Word Series Test. Palo Alto, Calif: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1985.

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Ball, K., Berch, D. B., Helmers, K. F., Jobe, J. B., Leveck, M. D., Marsiske, M., Morris, J. N., Rebok, G. W., Smith, D. M., Tennstedt, S. L., Unverzagt, F. W., Willis, S. L., & for the ACTIVE Study Group
Affiliations
  • University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
  • University of Florida (US)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • Indiana University Bloomington (US)
  • New England Research Institutes (US)
  • Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID
Venue
JAMA
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2002-11-13
Volume
288
Issue
18
Pages
2271
ISSN
  • 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
  • 0098-7484
DOI
10.1001/jama.288.18.2271
PMC
PMC2916176
OpenAlex
W2118104542
Cited by
2,049
References
52
Citations by year
2026: 49 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 112 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 106 · 2015: 129 · 2014: 140 · 2013: 119 · 2012: 116
FWCI
17.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • JAMA (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Boston College
  • Georgia Institute of Technology
  • Johns Hopkins University (AG14282, AG14260, AG14263, AG014276, NR04507, U01 AG14260, NR04508)
  • Case Western Reserve University
  • University of South Carolina
  • New England Research Institutes (AG14282, AG14260, U01 AG14282, NR04508, AG14263, AG014276, NR04507)
  • School of Medicine, Indiana University ((U01 NR04508), NR04508)
  • National Institute on Aging (AG14263, U01 AG14282, U01AG014260, U01 AG 14263, U01AG14260, AG014276, U01-AG14289, NR04508, U01AG014289, U01AG014263, AG14260, U01AG014276, NR04507, AG14282, U01AG014282)
  • National Institute of Nursing Research (U01NR004507, NR04508, U01NR04507, U01NR004508, AG14263, AG014276, U01 NR04508, NR04507)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Keywords
cognitive training, older adults, independent living, memory training, reasoning training, processing speed, booster training, daily functioning, cognitive decline, verbal episodic memory
MeSH terms
Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition, Humans, Memory, Mental Processes, Psychological Tests, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome

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