Cited by 783Blood Pressure and Hypertension StudiesSodium Intake and HealthCardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention

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Systolic Blood Pressure Reduction and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis

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Bundy, Joshua D., Li, Changwei, Stuchlik, Patrick, Bu, Xiaoqing, Kelly, Tanika N., Mills, Katherine T., He, Hua, Chen, Jing, Whelton, Paul K., He, Jiang·2017·JAMA Cardiology

DOI 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.1421PMC PMC5710614

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Abstract

Importance: Clinical trials have documented that lowering blood pressure reduces cardiovascular disease and premature deaths. However, the optimal target for reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) is uncertain. Objective: To assess the association of mean achieved SBP levels with the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in adults with hypertension treated with antihypertensive therapy. Data Sources: MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched from inception to December 15, 2015, supplemented by manual searches of the bibliographies of retrieved articles. Study Selection: Studies included were clinical trials with random allocation to an antihypertensive medication, control, or treatment target. Studies had to have reported a difference in mean achieved SBP of 5 mm Hg or more between comparison groups. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Data were extracted from each study independently and in duplicate by at least 2 investigators according to a standardized protocol. Network meta-analysis was used to obtain pooled randomized results comparing the association of each 5-mm Hg SBP category with clinical outcomes after adjusting for baseline risk. Main Outcomes and Measures: Cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Results: Forty-two trials, including 144 220 patients, met the eligibility criteria. In general, there were linear associations between mean achieved SBP and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality, with the lowest risk at 120 to 124 mm Hg. Randomized groups with a mean achieved SBP of 120 to 124 mm Hg had a hazard ratio (HR) for major cardiovascular disease of 0.71 (95% CI, 0.60-0.83) compared with randomized groups with a mean achieved SBP of 130 to 134 mm Hg, an HR of 0.58 (95% CI, 0.48-0.72) compared with those with a mean achieved SBP of 140 to 144 mm Hg, an HR of 0.46 (95% CI, 0.34-0.63) compared with those with a mean achieved SBP of 150 to 154 mm Hg, and an HR of 0.36 (95% CI, 0.26-0.51) compared with those with a mean achieved SBP of 160 mm Hg or more. Likewise, randomized groups with a mean achieved SBP of 120 to 124 mm Hg had an HR for all-cause mortality of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.58-0.93) compared with randomized groups with a mean achieved SBP of 130 to 134 mm Hg, an HR of 0.59 (95% CI, 0.45-0.77) compared with those with a mean achieved SBP of 140 to 144 mm Hg, an HR of 0.51 (95% CI, 0.36-0.71) compared with those with a mean achieved SBP of 150 to 154 mm Hg, and an HR of 0.47 (95% CI, 0.32-0.67) compared with those with a mean achieved SBP of 160 mm Hg or more. Conclusions and Relevance: This study suggests that reducing SBP to levels below currently recommended targets significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. These findings support more intensive control of SBP among adults with hypertension.

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“A network meta-analysis of 42 trials including 144 220 patients found the lowest incidence and mortality from CVD in the 120–124 mmHg SBP category compared with the higher categories, although they did not examine the risk below 120 mmHg [14].”
Method
Effect of Catheter-Based Renal Denervation on Uncontrolled Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Cheng, X., Zhang, D., Luo, S., & Qin, S. (2019) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.07.005 · Cited by 17
Blood pressure management in hypertensive patients with syncope: how to balance hypotensive and cardiovascular risk
Rivasi, G., Brignole, M., Rafanelli, M., Bilo, G., Pengo, M. F., Ungar, A., & Parati, G. (2020) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000002555 · Cited by 18
“Further risk reduction may be achieved at lower SBP values [5,21,22], and targeting office SBP less than 120 mmHg significantly reduced cardiovascular events and all-cause”
Background
Association between cardiometabolic index and hypertension among US adults from NHANES 1999–2020
Guo, T., Zhou, Y., Yang, G., Sheng, L., & Chai, X. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-87029-0 · Cited by 16
A deep learning digital biomarker to detect hypertension and stratify cardiovascular risk from the electrocardiogram
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Inter-individual differences in the blood pressure lowering effects of dietary nitrate: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled replicate crossover trial
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Use of risk assessment to guide decision-making for blood pressure management in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology
Khan, S. S., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Abdalla, M., Bello, N. A., Blyler, C. A., Carter, J., Commodore-Mensah, Y., Ferdinand, K. C., Johnson, H. M., Jones, D., et al. (2025) · JACC · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.08.001 · Cited by 16
Blutdruckmessung und Zielblutdruck
Krämer, B., Hausberg, M., Sanner, B. M., Kusche‐Vihrog, K., Weil, J., Weisser, B., Wenzel, U. O., Trenkwalder, P., & für die Task Force Wissenschaftliche Stellungnahmen und Leitlinien der DHL® (2017) · DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1055/s-0043-117070 · Cited by 16
Harmonic Distortion of Blood Pressure Waveform as a Measure of Arterial Stiffness
Milkovich, N., Gkousioudi, A., Seta, F., Suki, B., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.842754 · Cited by 16
Blood Pressure Control Targets and Risk of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events After Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Teo, K. C., Keins, S., Abramson, J. R., Leung, W. C. Y., Leung, I. Y. H., Wong, Y., Yeung, C., Kourkoulis, C. E., Warren, A. D., Chan, K., et al. (2022) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.122.039709 · Cited by 16
“Average systolic BP (mean, SD) 134 (16) 131 (15) 0.”
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Seidu, S., Sathanapally, H., Kunutsor, S. K., & Khunti, K. (2023) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/01410768231156997 · Cited by 15
Effect of more versus less intensive blood pressure control on cardiovascular, renal and mortality outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ioannidou, E., Shabnam, S., Abner, S. C., Kaur, N., Zaccardi, F., Ray, K. K., Seidu, S., Davies, M. J., Khunti, K. K., & Gillies, C. L. (2023) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102782 · Cited by 16
Plasma Proteomics of Exercise Blood Pressure and Incident Hypertension
Rao, P., Keyes, M. J., Mi, M., Barber, J. L., Tahir, U. A., Deng, S., Clish, C. B., Shen, D., Farrell, L. A., Wilson, J. G., et al. (2024) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2024.1397 · Cited by 19
Blood Pressure and Mortality: Joint Effect of Blood Pressure Measures
Kim, J. K. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.31546/2633-7916.1009 · Cited by 16
“plaque and an increased incidence of cardiac and vascular disease [8,9], and its increase at older ages is related to higher cardiovascular and all-cause mortality [10,11].”
Background
Dietary Influence on Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure in the TwinsUK Cohort
Louca, P., Mompeó, O., Leeming, E. R., Berry, S. E., Mangino, M., Spector, T. D., Padmanabhan, S., & Menni, C. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12072130 · Cited by 18
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Prevalence and treatment of hypertension in China: impacts of 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association High Blood Pressure Guideline
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Neyazi, A., Mohammadi, A. Q., Neyazi, M., Timilsina, S., Padhi, B. K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2024) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/s41371-024-00914-5 · Cited by 15
“More speci ﬁ cally, this systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that quality of life was signi ﬁ cantly lower in all eight domains of the SF-36 (i.e., physical functioning, role-physical, role-emotional, bodily pain, general health, social functioning, vitality, and mental health) [20].”
Prevalence, Awareness, and Treatment Profile of Adult Filipino Hypertensive Individuals: Philippine Heart Association–Council on Hypertension Report on Survey of Hypertension (PRESYON-4)
Sison, J., Cawed-Mende, R. M., & Oliva, R. (2021) · Philippine journal of cardiology. · doi:10.69944/pjc.e0ed50316d · Cited by 15
The acceptability and effectiveness of artificial intelligence-based chatbot for hypertensive patients in community: protocol for a mixed-methods study
Chen, P., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Feng, X. L., & Sun, X. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19667-4 · Cited by 15
“…home blood pressure monitoring did not increase adherence to monitoring blood pressure compared to traditional methods, but it did improve knowledge and skills of patients [12] Moreover, the majority of existing chatbots primarily rely on text, with only a limited number being voice-based.”
Background
Achieving Equity in Hypertension: A Review of Current Efforts by the American Heart Association
Hardy, S. T., Fontil, V., Dillon, G. H., & Shimbo, D. (2024) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.124.20533 · Cited by 17
Systolic blood pressure targets below 120 mm Hg are associated with reduced mortality: A meta‐analysis
Bergmann, F., Prager, M., Pracher, L., Sawodny, R., Gager, G. M., Richter, B., Jilma, B., Zeitlinger, M. A., Gelbenegger, G., & Jorda, A. (2025) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.20078 · Cited by 16
The patient with hypertension and new guidelines for therapy
Vázquez-Narváez, K. G., & Mario, U.-V. (2019) · Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aco.0000000000000736 · Cited by 15
Comparison of the 2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guideline with Earlier Guidelines on Estimated Reductions in Cardiovascular Disease
Bundy, J. D., Mills, K. T., & He, J. (2019) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-019-0980-5 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Comparison of Urinary Sodium and Blood Pressure Relationship From the Spot Versus 24‐Hour Urine Samples
Naser, A. M., Rahman, M. M., UNICOMB, L. E., Doza, S., Anand, S., Chang, H. H., Luby, S. P., Clasen, T., & Narayan, K. M. V. (2019) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.013287 · Cited by 15
“High intake of dietary sodium (Na) is an important modifiable risk factor for high BP(2) and other related cardiovascular diseases such as stroke and myocardial infarction.(3,4) High Na intake accounts for a greater proportion of the global disease burden than tuberculosis,(5,6) and longterm, population-level reductio…”
Background
Vascular Endothelial Function in Midlife/Older Adults Classified According to 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Blood Pressure Guidelines
Craighead, D. H., Freeberg, K. A., & Seals, D. R. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.120.016625 · Cited by 15
Association of greenspace with hypertension in adult: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies
Bu, Y., Zhang, X., Song, S., Su, H., Yu, Z., & Guo, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Health Research · doi:10.1080/09603123.2023.2259817 · Cited by 13
The potential mechanisms underlying the modulating effect of perirenal adipose tissue on hypertension: Physical compression, paracrine, and neurogenic regulation
Sun, J.-Y., Su, Z., Yang, J., Sun, W. Y., & Kong, X. (2024) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122511 · Cited by 14
Blood pressure targets for hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes
Aronow, W. S., & Shamliyan, T. (2018) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm.2018.04.36 · Cited by 15
Association of Optimal Blood Pressure With Critical Cardiorenal Events and Mortality in High-Risk and Low-Risk Patients Treated With Antihypertension Medications
Jung, H. H. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.9307 · Cited by 14
Blood pressure control and progression of arteriosclerosis in hypertension
Huang, Z., Wang, G., Jonas, J. B., Ji, C., Chen, S., Yuan, Y. L., Shen, C., Wu, Y., & Wu, S. (2021) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000002758 · Cited by 14
Increased arterial stiffness and cardiovascular risk prediction in controlled hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease: post hoc analysis of FMD-J (Flow-mediated Dilation Japan) Study A
Maruhashi, T., Soga, J., Fujimura, N., Idei, N., Mikami, S., Iwamoto, Y., Iwamoto, A., Kajikawa, M., Matsumoto, T., Oda, N., et al. (2020) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-020-0420-6 · Cited by 14
Use of Risk Assessment to Guide Decision-Making for Blood Pressure Management in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology
Khan, S. S., Abdalla, M., Bello, N. A., Blyler, C. A., Carter, J., Commodore-Mensah, Y. Y., Ferdinand, K. C., Johnson, H. M., Jones, D. W., Khera, A., et al. (2025) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hyp.0000000000000248 · Cited by 16
Comparative Analysis of Hypertension Guidelines: Unveiling Consensus and Discrepancies in Lifestyle Modifications for Blood Pressure Control
Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, L., Hong, L., & Chen, H. Q. (2023) · Cardiology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2023/5586403 · Cited by 19
“Numerous studies have shown that lower blood pressure (BP) is associated with fewer CVD events and reduced mortality [3, 4].”
Background
Degree of Risk Factor Control and Incident Cardiovascular Diseases in Patients With Hypertension
Kou, M., Wang, X., Ma, H., Li, X., Heianza, Y., & Qi, L. (2024) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.05.008 · Cited by 12
Risk factors of undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension in primary care patients with hypertension: a cross-sectional study
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Background
Definition, prevalence, and economic impacts of hypertension on the elderly population
Lien, C.-W., Lee, Y., Lu, C., Chang, Y.-C., Lin, Y., Cheng, H., Chen, M. Y., Lee, L., Huang, C.-K., Lin, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2025.02.020 · Cited by 22
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Self-citation
Economic evaluation of a pharmacogenomic multi-gene panel test to optimize anti-hypertension therapy: simulation study
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Background
Effects of hypertension in patients receiving mechanical thrombectomy
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“Thesefindings supportmore intensive SBP control among adults with hypertension.([49]) It is reasonable to assume that the effect of intensive SBP and SDP controlwould become visible in AIS patients.”
Background
New nitrosyl ruthenium complexes with combined activities for multiple cardiovascular disorders
Júnior, F. S. G., Silveira, J. A. D. M., Holanda, T. M., Marinho, A. D., Ridnour, L. A., Wink, D. A., de Siqueira, R. J. B., Monteiro, H. S. A., Sousa, E. H. S., & Lopes, L. G. D. F. (2023) · Dalton Transactions · doi:10.1039/d3dt00059a · Cited by 13

Authors: Bundy, J. D., Li, C., Stuchlik, P., Bu, X., Kelly, T. N., Mills, K. T., He, H., Chen, J., Whelton, P. K., & He, J.
Affiliations: Tulane University (US)
Corresponding author: He, Jiang
ORCID: Bundy, Joshua D.
Li, Changwei
Bu, Xiaoqing
Kelly, Tanika N.
Mills, Katherine T.
He, Hua
Chen, Jing
Whelton, Paul K.
He, Jiang
Venue: JAMA Cardiology
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2017-07-01
Volume: 2
Issue: 7
Pages: 775
ISSN: 2380-6583 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.1421
PMC: PMC5710614
OpenAlex: W2618382346
Cited by: 783
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 59 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 78 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 35
FWCI: 56.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: JAMA Cardiology (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM109036)
Fogarty International Center (D43TW009107)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
Keywords: systolic blood pressure, blood pressure targets, hypertension, antihypertensive therapy, cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality, blood pressure reduction, linear dose-response relationship, cardiovascular risk reduction, cardiovascular disease prevention, cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment
MeSH terms: Antihypertensive Agents, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Hypertension, Mortality, Patient Care Planning, Systole

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Systolic Blood Pressure Reduction and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis

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