Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 17

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Historical Redlining, Contemporary Gentrification, and Severe Maternal Morbidity in California, 2005-2018

Gao, Xing, Morello-Frosch, Rachel, Nuru-Jeter, Amani M., Snowden, Jonathan M., Carmichael, Suzan L., Mujahid, Mahasin S.·2024·JAMA Network Open
DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.29428
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Importance: Historically redlined neighborhoods may experience disinvestment, influencing their likelihood of gentrification, a process of neighborhood (re-)development that unequally distributes harms and benefits by race and class. Understanding the combined outcomes of redlining and gentrification informs how the mutually constitutive systems of structural racism and racial capitalism affect pregnancy outcomes. Objective: To examine if historical redlining and contemporary gentrification is associated with increased severe maternal morbidity (SMM) odds. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study used data from a statewide population-based sample of all live hospital births at 20 weeks’ gestation or more between 2005 and 2018 in California. Analysis was conducted from March 2023 to January 2024. Exposure: Redlining (as characterized by the federal Home Owners’ Loan Corporation mortgage security maps) and displacement (using present-day sociodemographic and housing market information). Main Outcomes and Measures: Mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to assess the association of census tract–level exposure to historical redlining and contemporary gentrification with increased SMM odds, adjusting for sociodemographic and pregnancy related factors. Outcome classification was based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SMM index, which defines SMM as having any of the 21 procedures and diagnoses based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision codes. Results: The study sample included 1 554 837 births (median [SD] maternal age, 29.0 [6.4] years; 3464 American Indian or Alaskan Native [0.2%], 224 774 Asian [14.5%], 132 240 Black [8.5%], 880 104 Hispanic [56.6%], 312 490 White [20.1%]), with 22 993 cases of SMM (1.4%). Residents in historically redlined neighborhoods that were undergoing gentrification or displacement were more likely to be Black, Hispanic, and American Indian or Alaskan Native. Independent of individual-level characteristics, SMM odds were greater for individuals living in redlined neighborhoods that experienced displacement (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.14-1.28) and in redlined neighborhoods undergoing gentrification (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.13-1.29) compared with those in continuously advantaged neighborhoods. Conclusions and Relevance: Findings from this cross-sectional study demonstrate that the legacies of redlining, intertwined with current dynamics of displacement and gentrification, affect SMM. Place-based sociopolitical mechanisms that inequitably distribute resources may be important intervention points to address structural drivers of adverse pregnancy outcomes and their racial inequities.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.29428

Cites

5 of 5 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 5 references

Research works printed but not linked: 66

  1. Mehra, 2017, Racial residential segregation and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis., Soc Sci Med, 191, 237, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.018 · DOI
  2. Janevic, 2020, Neighborhood racial and economic polarization, hospital of delivery, and severe maternal morbidity., Health Aff (Millwood), 39, 768, 10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00735 · DOI
  3. Mujahid, 2023, Neighborhood disinvestment and severe maternal morbidity in the state of California., Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM, 5, 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2023.100916 · DOI
  4. Bailey, 2017, Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions., Lancet, 389, 1453, 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X · DOI · Paper page
  5. Gee, 2021, Structural racism: the rules and relations of inequity., Ethn Dis, 31, 293, 10.18865/ed.31.S1.293 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Pulido, 2017, Geographies of race and ethnicity II: environmental racism, racial capitalism and state-sanctioned violence., Prog Hum Geogr, 41, 524, 10.1177/0309132516646495 · DOI · Paper page
  7. Dantzler, 2021, The urban process under racial capitalism: Race, anti-Blackness, and capital accumulation., Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and the City, 2, 113, 10.1080/26884674.2021.1934201 · DOI
  8. Hillier, 2003, Redlining and the home owners’ loan corporation., J Urban Hist, 29, 394, 10.1177/0096144203029004002 · DOI
  9. Michney, 2021, How the city survey’s redlining maps were made: a closer look at HOLC’s Mortgagee Rehabilitation Division., Journal of Planning History, 10.1177/15385132211013361 · DOI
  10. Hillier, 2005, Residential security maps and neighborhood appraisals: the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation and the case of Philadelphia., Soc Sci Hist, 29, 207, 10.1017/S014555320001292X · DOI
  11. Gonzalez, 2023, Historic redlining and the siting of oil and gas wells in the United States., J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, 33, 76, 10.1038/s41370-022-00434-9 · DOI
  12. Gao, 2023, Remapping racial and ethnic inequities in severe maternal morbidity: the legacy of redlining in California., Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 37, 379, 10.1111/ppe.12935 · DOI
  13. Krieger, 2020, Structural racism, historical redlining, and risk of preterm birth in New York City, 2013-2017., Am J Public Health, 110, 1046, 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305656 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Nardone, 2020, Associations between historical redlining and birth outcomes from 2006 through 2015 in California., PLoS One, 15, 10.1371/journal.pone.0237241 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Swope, 2022, The relationship of historical redlining with present-day neighborhood environmental and health outcomes: a scoping review and conceptual model., J Urban Health, 99, 959, 10.1007/s11524-022-00665-z · DOI
  16. Fullilove, 2011, Serial forced displacement in American cities, 1916-2010., J Urban Health, 88, 381, 10.1007/s11524-011-9585-2 · DOI
  17. Rucks-Ahidiana, 2021, Theorizing gentrification as a process of racial capitalism., City & Community, 10.1177/15356841211054790 · DOI
  18. Schnake-Mahl, 2020, Gentrification, neighborhood change, and population health: a systematic review., J Urban Health, 97, 1, 10.1007/s11524-019-00400-1 · DOI
  19. Smith, 2020, Impacts of gentrification on health in the US: a systematic review of the literature., J Urban Health, 97, 845, 10.1007/s11524-020-00448-4 · DOI
  20. Mujahid, 2019, Gentrification and displacement in the San Francisco Bay Area: a comparison of measurement approaches., Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16, 2246, 10.3390/ijerph16122246 · DOI
  21. Schnake-Mahl, 2020, Effects of gentrification on health status after Hurricane Katrina., Health Place, 61, 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102237 · DOI
  22. Gibbons, 2016, The association of minority self-rated health with black versus white gentrification., J Urban Health, 93, 909, 10.1007/s11524-016-0087-0 · DOI
  23. Izenberg, 2018, Health in changing neighborhoods: a study of the relationship between gentrification and self-rated health in the state of California., Health Place, 52, 188, 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.06.002 · DOI
  24. Fong, 2019, Neighbourhood identification buffers the effects of (de-)gentrification and personal socioeconomic position on mental health., Health Place, 57, 247, 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.05.013 · DOI
  25. Tran, 2020, Impact of gentrification on adult mental health., Health Serv Res, 55, 432, 10.1111/1475-6773.13264 · DOI
  26. Gibbons, 2019, Are gentrifying neighborhoods more stressful? A multilevel analysis of self-rated stress., SSM Popul Health, 7, 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100358 · DOI
  27. Huynh, 2014, Gentrification and preterm birth in New York City, 2008–2010., J Urban Health, 91, 211, 10.1007/s11524-013-9823-x · DOI
  28. Callaghan, 2012, Severe maternal morbidity among delivery and postpartum hospitalizations in the United States., Obstet Gynecol, 120, 1029, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31826d60c5 · DOI
  29. Chen, 2018, Severe maternal morbidity and hospital cost among hospitalized deliveries in the United States., Am J Perinatol, 35, 1287, 10.1055/s-0038-1649481 · DOI
  30. Silveira, 2016, A cohort study of functioning and disability among women after severe maternal morbidity., Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 134, 87, 10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.10.027 · DOI
  31. Admon, 2018, Racial and ethnic disparities in the incidence of severe maternal morbidity in the United States, 2012-2015., Obstet Gynecol, 132, 1158, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002937 · DOI
  32. Creanga, 2014, Racial and ethnic disparities in severe maternal morbidity: a multistate analysis, 2008-2010., Am J Obstet Gynecol, 210, 435.e1, 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.11.039 · DOI
  33. Howell, 2017, Severe maternal morbidity among Hispanic women in New York City: investigation of health disparities., Obstet Gynecol, 129, 285, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001864 · DOI
  34. Kozhimannil, 2020, Severe maternal morbidity and mortality among indigenous women in the United States., Obstet Gynecol, 135, 294, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003647 · DOI
  35. Leonard, 2019, Racial and ethnic disparities in severe maternal morbidity prevalence and trends., Ann Epidemiol, 33, 30, 10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.02.007 · DOI
  36. Holdt Somer, 2017, Epidemiology of racial/ethnic disparities in severe maternal morbidity and mortality., Semin Perinatol, 41, 258, 10.1053/j.semperi.2017.04.001 · DOI
  37. Wang, 2020, Social determinants of pregnancy-related mortality and morbidity in the United States: a systematic review., Obstet Gynecol, 135, 896, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003762 · DOI
  38. Vinikoor-Imler, 2011, Neighborhood conditions are associated with maternal health behaviors and pregnancy outcomes., Soc Sci Med, 73, 1302, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.012 · DOI · Paper page
  39. Giurgescu, 2012, Relationships among neighborhood environment, racial discrimination, psychological distress, and preterm birth in African American women., J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 41, E51, 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2012.01409.x · DOI · Paper page
  40. Hobel, 2008, Psychosocial stress and pregnancy outcome., Clin Obstet Gynecol, 51, 333, 10.1097/GRF.0b013e31816f2709 · DOI
  41. Ribeiro, 2018, Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and allostatic load: a scoping review., Int J Environ Res Public Health, 15, 1092, 10.3390/ijerph15061092 · DOI
  42. Gao, 2022, Remapping racial and ethnic inequities in severe maternal morbidity: the legacy of redlining in California., Paediatric and Perinat Epidemiol, 37, 379, 10.1111/ppe.12935 · DOI
  43. Gao, 2023, Neighborhood gentrification, displacement, and severe maternal morbidity in California., Soc Sci Med, 334, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116196 · DOI
  44. Riley, 2024, Organized abandonment under racial capitalism: measuring accountable actors of structural racism for public health research and action., Soc Sci Med, 343, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116576 · DOI
  45. Main, 2016, Measuring severe maternal morbidity: validation of potential measures., Am J Obstet Gynecol, 214, 643.e1, 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.11.004 · DOI
  46. Main, 2015, Pregnancy-related mortality in California: causes, characteristics, and improvement opportunities., Obstet Gynecol, 125, 938, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000746 · DOI
  47. Grobman, 2014, Frequency of and factors associated with severe maternal morbidity., Obstet Gynecol, 123, 804, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000173 · DOI
  48. Maliniak, 2023, Census tracts are not neighborhoods: addressing spatial misalignment in studies examining the impact of historical redlining on present-day health outcomes., Epidemiology, 34, 817, 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001646 · DOI
  49. Chapple, Forewarned: the use of neighborhood early warning systems for gentrification and displacement., Cityscape (Wash, DC)
  50. Zuk, 2018, Gentrification, displacement, and the role of public investment., J Plann Lit, 33, 31, 10.1177/0885412217716439 · DOI
  51. Logan, 2014, Interpolating U.S. decennial census tract data from as early as 1970 to 2010: a longtitudinal tract database., Prof Geogr, 66, 412, 10.1080/00330124.2014.905156 · DOI
  52. Logan, 2016, Validating population estimates for harmonized census tract data, 2000-2010., Ann Am Assoc Geogr, 106, 1013, 10.1080/24694452.2016.1187060 · DOI
  53. Lett, 2022, Conceptualizing, contextualizing, and operationalizing race in quantitative health sciences research., Ann Fam Med, 20, 157, 10.1370/afm.2792 · DOI
  54. Diez Roux, 2002, A glossary for multilevel analysis., J Epidemiol Community Health, 56, 588, 10.1136/jech.56.8.588 · DOI
  55. Duncan, 1998, Context, composition and heterogeneity: using multilevel models in health research., Soc Sci Med, 46, 97, 10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00148-2 · DOI · Paper page
  56. Cole, 2023, Promoting health equity through preventing or mitigating the effects of gentrification: a theoretical and methodological guide., Annu Rev Public Health, 44, 193, 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-113810 · DOI
  57. Binet, 2022, ‘It feels like money’s just flying out the window’: financial security, stress and health in gentrifying neighborhoods., Cities Health, 6, 536, 10.1080/23748834.2021.1885250 · DOI
  58. Elliott-Cooper, 2020, Moving beyond Marcuse: gentrification, displacement and the violence of un-homing., Prog Hum Geogr, 44, 492, 10.1177/0309132519830511 · DOI
  59. Beck, 2023, Determining gentrification’s relationship to birth outcomes in metropolitan California., Hous Policy Debate, 33, 107, 10.1080/10511482.2022.2125334 · DOI
  60. English, 2003, Changes in the spatial pattern of low birth weight in a southern California county: the role of individual and neighborhood level factors., Soc Sci Med, 56, 2073, 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00202-2 · DOI
  61. Chambers, 2021, Black women’s perspectives on structural racism across the reproductive lifespan: a conceptual framework for measurement development., Matern Child Health J, 25, 402, 10.1007/s10995-020-03074-3 · DOI
  62. Hudson, 2020, The price of the ticket: health costs of upward mobility among African Americans., Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17, 1179, 10.3390/ijerph17041179 · DOI
  63. Robinson, 2020, Black Marxism. Revised and updated
  64. Mitchell, 2016, HOLC ”Redlining” Maps: The Persistent Structure of Segregation and Economic Inequality
  65. Raudenbush, 2002, Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods
  66. NoiseCat, 2021, Counterpoints: A San Francisco Bay Area Atlas of Displacement & Resistance

Cited by

Metadata

Authors
Gao, X., Morello-Frosch, R., Nuru-Jeter, A. M., Snowden, J. M., Carmichael, S. L., & Mujahid, M. S.
Venue
JAMA Network Open
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2024-09-23
Volume
7
Issue
9
Pages
e2429428
ISSN
2574-3805
DOI
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.29428
Cited by
17
References
5
Language
en

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.