Racial discrimination, John Henryism, and depression among African Americans

Hudson, Darrell L.; Neighbors, Harold W.; Geronimus, Arline T.; Jackson, James S.

doi:10.1177/0095798414567757

Cited by 345Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchHealth disparities and outcomesResilience and Mental Health

Racial discrimination, John Henryism, and depression among African Americans

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Hudson, Darrell L., Neighbors, Harold W., Geronimus, Arline T., Jackson, James S.·2016·Journal of Black Psychology

DOI 10.1177/0095798414567757PMC PMC4903152

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Abstract

Evidence from previous studies indicates that racial discrimination is significantly associated with depression and that African Americans with higher levels of socioeconomic status (SES) report greater exposure to racial discrimination compared to those with lower SES levels. Coping strategies could alter the relationship between racial discrimination and depression among African Americans. This study first examined whether greater levels of SES were associated with increased reports of racial discrimination and ratings of John Henryism, a measure of high-effort coping, among African Americans. Second, we examined whether high-effort coping moderated the relationship between racial discrimination and depression. Data were drawn from the National Survey of American Life Reinterview ( n = 2,137). Analyses indicated that greater levels of education were positively associated with racial discrimination ( p < .001) and increased levels of racial discrimination were positively related to depression ( p < .001), controlling for all sociodemographic factors. Greater levels of John Henryism were associated with increased odds of depression but there was no evidence to suggest that the relationship between discrimination and depression was altered by the effects of John Henryism.

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For Black Americans, high levels of John Henryism may provide the fortitude to overcome daily challenges associated with living in the racialized society of the United States.
“For Black Americans in particular, high levels of John Henryism may provide the fortitude to overcome the daily challenges associated with living in the racialized society of the United States (Hudson et al. 2016; James 1994, 2019; Kiecolt et al. 2009).”
From Is John Henryism a Health Risk or Resource?: Exploring the Role of Culturally Relevant Coping for Physical and Mental Health among Black Americans. (2021) · cites this paper as Hudson et al. 2016
The benefits of probability-based samples include the ability to account for potential non-response bias.
“However, we note the benefits of probability-based samples (Hudson et al., 2016;James et al., 1992;LeBrón et al., 2015;Robinson and Thomas Tobin, 2021) including the ability to account for potential non-response bias.”
From Superwoman Schema and John Henryism among African American women: An intersectional perspective on coping with racism (2023) · cites this paper as Hudson et al., 2016
Compared with males, females have lower pain threshold and tolerance and greater pain intensity and unpleasantness for heat, cold, ischemic, and pressure pain.
“compared to males, females demonstrate a decreased threshold and tolerance for pain and increased pain intensity and unpleasantness for heat, cold, ischemic, and pressure pain 150, 161–164”
From Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes (2018) · cites this paper as [164]

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Neighbors, H. W., Njai, R., & Jackson, J. S. (2007) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1080/15427600701481004 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citation
John Henryism, self-reported physical health indicators, and the mediating role of perceived stress among high socio-economic status Asian immigrants
Haritatos, J., Mahalingam, R., & James, S. A. (2007) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.10.037 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
CONCEPTUALIZING RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH
Chae, D. H., Nuru‐Jeter, A., Lincoln, K. D., & Francis, D. D. (2011) · Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x11000166 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
John Henry Active Coping, education, and blood pressure among urban blacks.
Fernander, A., Durán, R. E., Saab, P. G., & Schneiderman, N. (2004) · PubMed Central · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status and Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety in African American College Students
Salami, T. K., & Walker, R. L. (2013) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798413486158 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
I’ll die with the Hammer in my hand”: John Henryism as a predictor of happiness
Angner, E., Hullett, S., & Allison, J. J. (2011) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2011.01.002 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
ON STICKS AND STONES AND BROKEN BONES
Kwate, N. O. A., & Meyer, I. H. (2011) · Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x11000014 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Subjective Stress and Coping Resources Interact to Predict Blood Pressure Reactivity in Black College Students
Clark, R. (2003) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798403256965 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Eliminating Health Disparities: Challenges for African American Psychologists
Townsend, T. G., & Belgrave, F. Z. (2009) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798409333605 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
RI(GH)TES OF INTIMACY AT DOCAPESCA: Race versus Racism at a Fish Market in Portugal
Fikes, K. (2005) · Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x05050174 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Crossing Class Boundaries: Race, Siblings and Socioeconomic HeterogeneityPreprint
Heflin, C. M., & Pattillo, M. E. (2002) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Responses to Conflict Stress in African American Mother-Daughter Dyads
McClure, F. H., & Myers, H. F. (1999) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798499025001001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

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Stress and the mental health of populations of color: advancing our understanding of race-related stressors.
Williams, D. R. (2018) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146518814251 · Cited by 1,014 · see citing works
Evaluating psychosocial contributions to chronic pain outcomes
Meints, S. M., & Edwards, R. R. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.01.017 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Interrogating Structural Racism in STEM Higher Education
McGee, E. O. (2020) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x20972718 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Health Disparities due to Diminished Return among Black Americans: Public Policy Solutions
Assari, S. (2018) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12042 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Unequal Gain of Equal Resources across Racial Groups
Assari, S. (2017) · International Journal of Health Policy and Management · doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2017.90 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Blacks’ Diminished Health Return of Family Structure and Socioeconomic Status; 15 Years of Follow-up of a National Urban Sample of Youth
Assari, S., Thomas, A., Caldwell, C. H., & Mincy, R. B. (2017) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-017-0217-3 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
College completion predicts lower depression but higher metabolic syndrome among disadvantaged minorities in young adulthood
Gaydosh, L. M., Schorpp, K., Chen, E., Miller, G. E., & Harris, K. M. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1714616114 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
High Risk of Depression in High-Income African American Boys
Assari, S., & Caldwell, C. H. (2017) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-017-0426-1 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment
Cénat, J. M. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221120428 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“Studies conducted in the United States showed that racialized groups, including Black, Hispanic, Indigenous, and Asian individuals, are very commonly victims of microaggressions and racial discrimination (Hudson et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2019; Seaton et al., 2008).”
Background
Family Socioeconomic Status at Birth and Youth Impulsivity at Age 15; Blacks’ Diminished Return
Assari, S., Caldwell, C. H., & Mincy, R. (2018) · Children · doi:10.3390/children5050058 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Does Discrimination Explain High Risk of Depression among High-Income African American Men?
Assari, S., Lankarani, M. M., & Caldwell, C. H. (2018) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs8040040 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
The Intergenerational Impact of Structural Racism and Cumulative Trauma on Depression
Hankerson, S. H., Moise, N., Wilson, D., Waller, B., Arnold, K. T., Duarte, C. S., Lugo-Candelas, C. I., Weissman, M. M., Wainberg, M. L., Yehuda, R., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.21101000 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Subjective Socioeconomic Status Moderates the Association between Discrimination and Depression in African American Youth
Assari, S., Preiser, B., Lankarani, M. M., & Caldwell, C. (2018) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci8040071 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Parental Educational Attainment and Mental Well-Being of College Students: Diminished Returns of Blacks
Assari, S. (2018) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci8110193 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Perceived control reduces mortality risk at low, not high, education levels.
Turiano, N. A., Chapman, B. P., Agrigoroaei, S., Infurna, F. J., & Lachman, M. E. (2014) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000022 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Education and Income Predict Future Emotional Well-Being of Whites but Not Blacks: A Ten-Year Cohort
Assari, S., Preiser, B., & Kelly, M. (2018) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci8070122 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Racial disparities in prostate cancer: A complex interplay between socioeconomic inequities and genomics
Lowder, D., Rizwan, K., McColl, C., Paparella, A. T., Ittmann, M., Mitsiades, N., & Kaochar, S. (2022) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2022.01.028 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
One Key Question®: First Things First in Reproductive Health
Allen, D., Hunter, M. S., Wood, S. F., & Beeson, T. (2017) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-017-2283-2 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Parental Education Better Helps White than Black Families Escape Poverty: National Survey of Children’s Health
Assari, S. (2018) · Economies · doi:10.3390/economies6020030 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Racial discrimination and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
van Daalen, K. R., Kaiser, J., Kebede, S., Cipriano, G., Maimouni, H., Olumese, E., Chui, A. C., Kuhn, I. L., & Oliver‐Williams, C. (2022) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009227 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status, Preeclampsia Risk and Gestational Length in Black and White Women
Ross, K. M., Dunkel Schetter, C., McLemore, M. R., Chambers, B. D., Paynter, R. A., Baer, R., Feuer, S. K., Flowers, E., Karasek, D., Pantell, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-019-00619-3 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
The Price of the Ticket: Health Costs of Upward Mobility among African Americans
Hudson, D., Sacks, T. K., Irani, K., & Asher, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17041179 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citation
Discrimination and Well-Being Among Asians/Asian Americans During COVID-19: The Role of Social Media
Yang, C., Tsai, J.-Y., & Pan, S. (2020) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0394 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“You Can Say I Got Desensitized to It”: How Men of Color Cope with Everyday Racism in Online Gaming
Ortiz, S. M. (2019) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.1177/0731121419837588 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Maternal Educational Attainment at Birth Promotes Future Self-Rated Health of White but Not Black Youth: A 15-Year Cohort of a National Sample
Assari, S., Caldwell, C. H., & Mincy, R. B. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm7050093 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Coding the everyday discrimination scale: implications for exposure assessment and associations with hypertension and depression among a cross section of mid-life African American women
Michaels, E., Thomas, M., Reeves, A., Price, M., Hasson, R., Chae, D., & Allen, A. (2019) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2018-211230 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Performing Black womanhood: a qualitative study of stereotypes and the healthcare encounter
Sacks, T. K. (2017) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581596.2017.1307323 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Family Socioeconomic Status and Exposure to Childhood Trauma: Racial Differences
Assari, S. (2020) · Children · doi:10.3390/children7060057 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Down in the Sewers”: Perceptions of Depression and Depression Care Among African American Men
Hudson, D., Eaton, J., Banks, A., Irie, W. C., & Neighbors, H. W. (2016) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988316654864 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citation
Superwoman Schema and John Henryism among African American women: An intersectional perspective on coping with racism
Perez, A. D., Dufault, S. M., Spears, E. C., Chae, D. H., Woods-Giscombe, C. L., & Allen, A. M. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115070 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Social, Cultural, and Economic Determinants of Well-Being
Livingston, V., Jackson-Nevels, B., & Reddy, V. V. (2022) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia2030079 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Prevalence and correlates of depression among Black individuals in Canada: The major role of everyday racial discrimination
Cénat, J. M., Kogan, C. S., Noorishad, P., Hajizadeh, S., Dalexis, R. D., Ndengeyingoma, A., & Guerrier, M. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23158 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Life course SES and cardiovascular risk: Heterogeneity across race/ethnicity and gender
Walsemann, K. M., Goosby, B. J., & Farr, D. E. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.038 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Psychological pathways from racial discrimination to cortisol in African American males and females
Lee, D. B., Peckins, M. K., Heinze, J. E., Miller, A. L., Assari, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-017-9887-2 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Is John Henryism a Health Risk or Resource?: Exploring the Role of Culturally Relevant Coping for Physical and Mental Health among Black Americans.
Robinson, M. N., & Thomas Tobin, C. S. (2021) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465211009142 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“1983) while also being associated with improved mental health status, including lower risk for depression and depressive symptoms (bennett et al. 2004; Hudson et al. 2016; Kiecolt et al. 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
Impostor Phenomenon and Psychological Well-Being: The Moderating Roles of John Henryism and School Racial Composition Among Black College Students
Bernard, D. L., Jones, S. C. T., & Volpe, V. V. (2020) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798420924529 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Second, literature examining John Henryism in the context of mental health has done so largely with respect to depressive symptoms (e.g., Hill & Hoggard, 2018; Hudson et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResult
Emotion regulation and coping with racial stressors among African Americans across the lifespan
Wilson, T. K., & Gentzler, A. L. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.100967 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The Association Between Racial Discrimination and Suicidality among African-American Adolescents and Young Adults
Arshanapally, S., Werner, K. B., Sartor, C. E., & Bucholz, K. K. (2017) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2017.1387207 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Upward social mobility and identity
Destin, M., & Debrosse, R. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.006 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Sex Differences in the Impact of Racial Discrimination on Mental Health Among Black Americans
Brownlow, B. N., Sosoo, E. E., Long, R. N., Hoggard, L. S., Burford, T. I., & Hill, L. K. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1098-9 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Higher Educational Attainment is Associated with Lower Risk of a Future Suicide Attempt Among Non-Hispanic Whites but not Non-Hispanic Blacks
Assari, S., Schatten, H. T., Arias, S. A., Miller, I. W., Camargo, C. A., & Boudreaux, E. D. (2019) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-019-00601-z · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Racial and ethnic differences in perception of provider cultural competence among patients with depression and anxiety symptoms: a retrospective, population-based, cross-sectional analysis
Eken, H. N., Dee, E. C., Powers, A. R., & Jordan, A. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00285-6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
African Americans’ Diminished Returns of Parental Education on Adolescents’ Depression and Suicide in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study
Assari, S., Boyce, S., Bazargan, M., & Caldwell, C. H. (2020) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe10020048 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Social Determinants of Health and Depression among African American Adults: A Scoping Review of Current Research
Yelton, B., Friedman, D. B., Noblet, S. B., Lohman, M. C., Arent, M. A., Macauda, M. M., Sakhuja, M., & Leith, K. H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031498 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Social stratification and allostatic load: shapes of health differences in the MIDUS study in the United States
Rodríguez, J. M., Karlamangla, A. S., Gruenewald, T. L., Miller‐Martinez, D., Merkin, S. S., & Seeman, T. E. (2019) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932018000378 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Active coping moderates associations among race-related stress, rumination, and depressive symptoms in emerging adult African American women
Hill, L. K., & Hoggard, L. S. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001268 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Race, Gender, and Socioeconomic Variations in C-Reactive Protein Using the Health and Retirement Study
Farmer, H. R., Wray, L. A., & Haas, S. A. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaa027 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Discrimination, competitiveness, and support in US graduate student mental health
Posselt, J. R. (2021) · Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education · doi:10.1108/sgpe-07-2020-0042 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Triple jeopardy: the joint impact of racial segregation and neighborhood poverty on the mental health of black Americans
Phuong, D., Locklar, L. R. B., & Florsheim, P. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01654-5 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Heart Disease among Black Americans
Assari, S., Cobb, S., Saqib, M., & Bazargan, M. (2020) · Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal · doi:10.2174/1874192402014010005 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Vicarious Discrimination, Psychosocial Resources, and Mental Health among Black Americans
Louie, P., & Upenieks, L. (2022) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/01902725221079279 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Religiosity, Education, John Henryism Active Coping, and Cardiovascular Responses to Anger Recall for African American Men
Ayazi, M., Johnson, K. T., Merritt, M. M., Paolo, M. R. D., Edwards, C. L., Koenig, H. G., Bennett, G. G., Whitfield, K. A., & Barker, C. S. (2018) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798418765859 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Income and Mental Well-Being of Middle-Aged and Older Americans: Immigrants’ Diminished Returns
Assari, S. (2020) · International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health · doi:10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.06 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Resilience and Family Socialization Processes in Ethnic Minority Youth: Illuminating the Achievement-Health Paradox
Doan, S. N., Yu, S. H., Wright, B., Fung, J. J., Saleem, F. T., & Lau, A. S. (2022) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-022-00389-1 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Burdens of the what‐if: Vicarious anti‐ Black racism and stress for Black mothers
Brantley, M. (2023) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12914 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The impact of intersectional racial and gender biases on minority female leadership over two centuries
Pogrebna, G., Angelopoulos, S. P., Motsi-Omoijiade, I. D., Kharlamov, A. A., & Tkachenko, N. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50392-x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Race, Education Attainment, and Happiness in the United States
Assari, S. (2019) · International journal of epidemiologic research · doi:10.15171/ijer.2019.14 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Family Socioeconomic Position at Birth and School Bonding at Age 15: Blacks’ Diminished Returns
Assari, S. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs9030026 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Perceived Racial Discrimination and Marijuana Use a Decade Later; Gender Differences Among Black Youth
Assari, S., Mistry, R., Lee, D. B., Caldwell, C., & Zimmerman, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2019.00078 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Social Support, Everyday Discrimination, and Depressive Symptoms Among Older African Americans: A Longitudinal Study
Qin, W., Nguyen, A. W., Mouzon, D. M., Hamler, T. C., & Wang, F. “. (2020) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igaa032 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Racial discrimination, racism-specific support, and self-reported health among African American couples
Smith, S. M., Williamson, L. D., Branch, H., & Fincham, F. D. (2019) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407519878519 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Exploring a relationship between race-related stress and emotional eating for collegiate Black American women
Longmire-Avital, B., & McQueen, C. (2018) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2018.1478361 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Toxic stress and burnout: John Henryism and social dominance in the laboratory and STEM workforce
Rolle, T., Vue, Z., Murray, S., Shareef, S. A., Shuler, H. D., Beasley, H. K., Marshall, A. G., & Hinton, A. O., Jr. (2021) · Pathogens and Disease · doi:10.1093/femspd/ftab041 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Vicarious experiences of major discrimination, anxiety symptoms, and mental health care utilization among Black Adults.
Moody, M. D., Browning, W., Hossain, M., & Clay, O. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114997 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
An Exploratory Study of Attitudes Toward Psychological Help Seeking Among African American Men
Cadaret, M. C., & Speight, S. (2018) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798418774655 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms among US Latinos: the modifying role of educational attainment
Ward, J. B., Feinstein, L., Vines, A. I., Robinson, W. R., Haan, M. N., & Aiello, A. E. (2017) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2017.1315378 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Chronic Lung Disease in the U.S.
Assari, S., Chalian, H., & Bazargan, M. (2020) · Research in Health Science · doi:10.22158/rhs.v5n1p48 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
How Racism “Gets Under the Skin”: An Examination of the Physical- and Mental-Health Costs of Culturally Compelled Coping
Brownlow, B. N. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221113762 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Family Income and Gang Presence in the Neighborhood: Diminished Returns of Black Families
Assari, S., Boyce, S., Caldwell, C. H., Bazargan, M., & Mincy, R. (2020) · Urban Science · doi:10.3390/urbansci4020029 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
What Do We Mean by “Ethnicity” and “Race”? A Consensual Qualitative Research Investigation of Colloquial Understandings
Suyemoto, K. L., Curley, M., & Mukkamala, S. (2020) · Genealogy · doi:10.3390/genealogy4030081 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Everyday Discrimination Typologies Among Older African Americans: Gender and Socioeconomic Status
Mouzon, D. M., Taylor, R. J., Nguyen, A. W., Ifatunji, M. A., & Chatters, L. M. (2019) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbz088 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Racial and Gender Discrimination Predict Mental Health Outcomes among Healthcare Workers Beyond Pandemic-Related Stressors: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Survey
Hennein, R., Bonumwezi, J., Tiako, M. J. N., Tineo, P., & Lowe, S. R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179235 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
College Graduation and Wealth Accumulation: Blacks’ Diminished Returns
Assari, S. (2020) · World Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.22158/wjer.v7n3p1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Parental Education and Spanking of American Children: Blacks’ Diminished Returns
Assari, S. (2020) · World Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.22158/wjer.v7n3p19 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Parental Education, Household Income, Race, and Children’s Working Memory: Complexity of the Effects
Akhlaghipour, G., & Assari, S. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10120950 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Making Everyday Microaggressions : An Exploratory Experimental Vignette Study on the Presence and Power of Racial Microaggressions
Hughey, M. W., Rees, J. H., Goss, D. R., Rosino, M. L., & Lesser, E. (2017) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/soin.12167 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Subjective Socioeconomic Status and Children’s Amygdala Volume: Minorities’ Diminish Returns
Assari, S., Boyce, S., & Bazargan, M. (2020) · NeuroSci · doi:10.3390/neurosci1020006 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The complex relationship between depression and progression to incident cognitive impairment across race and ethnicity
Babulal, G. M., Zhu, Y., Roe, C. M., Hudson, D., Williams, M., Murphy, S. A., Doherty, J. M., Johnson, A. M., & Trani, J. (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12631 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citation
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Psychiatric and Medical Diagnoses Among Autistic Adults
Ames, J. L., Morgan, E. H., Giwa Onaiwu, M., Qian, Y., Massolo, M. L., & Croen, L. A. (2022) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2021.0083 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Race and other sociodemographic categories are differentially linked to multiple dimensions of interpersonal-level discrimination: Implications for intersectional, health research
Moody, D. L. B., Waldstein, S. R., Leibel, D. K., Hoggard, L. S., Gee, G. C., Ashe, J. J., Brondolo, E. N., Al-Najjar, E., Evans, M. K., & Zonderman, A. B. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251174 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Racialized Health Inequities: Quantifying Socioeconomic and Stress Pathways Using Moderated Mediation
Brown, T. H., Hargrove, T. W., Homan, P., & Adkins, D. E. (2023) · Demography · doi:10.1215/00703370-10740718 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Blacks’ Diminished Health Returns of Educational Attainment: Health and Retirement Study
Assari, S. (2020) · Journal of Medical Research and Innovation · doi:10.32892/jmri.212 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Accelerated aging: A marker for social factors resulting in cardiovascular events?
Forrester, S., Zmora, R., Schreiner, P. J., Jacobs, D. R., Roger, V. L., Thorpe, R. J., & Kiefe, C. I. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100733 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Associations between Perceived Racial Discrimination and Tobacco Cessation among Diverse Treatment Seekers
Hooper, M. W., Calixte-Civil, P. F., Verzijl, C. L., Brandon, K. O., Asfar, T., Koru‐Sengul, T., Antoni, M. H., Lee, D. J., Simmons, V. N., & Brandon, T. H. (2020) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ed.30.3.411 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
When (passive) acceptance hurts: Race-based coping moderates the association between racial discrimination and mental health outcomes among Black Americans.
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“, 2001), as well as compromised behavioral health (i.e., psychological disorders and substance abuse; Hudson et al., 2016; Kiecolt et al., 2009).”
Background
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Self-citation
Racial discrimination and depressive symptoms among African-American men: The mediating and moderating roles of masculine self-reliance and John Henryism
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Discrimination and Hypertension Among Older African Americans and Caribbean Blacks: The Moderating Effects of John Henryism
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Are benefits conferred with greater socioeconomic position undermined by racial discrimination among African American men?
Hudson, D., Bullard, K. M., Neighbors, H. W., Geronimus, A. T., Yang, J., & Jackson, J. S. (2012) · Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1016/j.jomh.2012.03.006 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Hudson, D. L., Neighbors, H. W., Geronimus, A. T., & Jackson, J. S.
Affiliations: Washington University in St. Louis (US)
University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author: Hudson, Darrell L.
ORCID: Hudson, Darrell L.
Neighbors, Harold W.
Geronimus, Arline T.
Jackson, James S.
Venue: Journal of Black Psychology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2015-01-30
Volume: 42
Issue: 3
Pages: 221-243
ISSN: 0095-7984 (ISSN-L)
1552-4558
DOI: 10.1177/0095798414567757
PMC: PMC4903152
OpenAlex: W1993805760
Cited by: 345
References: 103
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 5 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 45.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Black Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH068804)
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R25GM058641)
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (P60MD002249)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD041028, P2CHD041028)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Keywords: racial discrimination, John Henryism, depression, African Americans, socioeconomic status, coping strategies

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Racial discrimination, John Henryism, and depression among African Americans

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