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Effects of Mindfulness Yoga vs Stretching and Resistance Training Exercises on Anxiety and Depression for People With Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Clinical practice guidelines support exercise for patients with Parkinson disease (PD), but to our knowledge, no randomized clinical trials have tested whether yoga is superior to conventional physical exercises for stress and symptom management. Objective: To compare the effects of a mindfulness yoga program vs stretching and resistance training exercise (SRTE) on psychological distress, physical health, spiritual well-being, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with mild-to-moderate PD. Design, Setting, and Participants: An assessor-masked, randomized clinical trial using the intention-to-treat principle was conducted at 4 community rehabilitation centers in Hong Kong between December 1, 2016, and May 31, 2017. A total of 187 adults (aged ≥18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic PD who were able to stand unaided and walk with or without an assistive device were enrolled via convenience sampling. Eligible participants were randomized 1:1 to mindfulness yoga or SRTE. Interventions: Mindfulness yoga was delivered in 90-minute groups and SRTE were delivered in 60-minute groups for 8 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcomes included anxiety and depressive symptoms assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Secondary outcomes included severity of motor symptoms (Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [MDS-UPDRS], Part III motor score), mobility, spiritual well-being in terms of perceived hardship and equanimity, and HRQOL. Assessments were done at baseline, 8 weeks (T1), and 20 weeks (T2). Results: The 138 participants included 65 men (47.1%) with a mean (SD) age of 63.7 (8.7) years and a mean (SD) MDS-UPDRS score of 33.3 (15.3). Generalized estimating equation analyses revealed that the yoga group had significantly better improvement in outcomes than the SRTE group, particularly for anxiety (time-by-group interaction, T1: β, -1.79 [95% CI, -2.85 to -0.69; P = .001]; T2: β, -2.05 [95% CI, -3.02 to -1.08; P < .001]), depression (T1: β, -2.75 [95% CI, -3.17 to -1.35; P < .001]); T2: β, -2.75 [95% CI, -3.71 to -1.79; P < .001]), perceived hardship (T1: β, -0.92 [95% CI, -1.25 to -0.61; P < .001]; T2: β, -0.76 [95% CI, -1.12 to -0.40; P < .001]), perceived equanimity (T1: β, 1.11 [95% CI, 0.79-1.42; P < .001]; T2: β, 1.19 [95% CI, 0.82-1.56; P < .001]), and disease-specific HRQOL (T1: β, -7.77 [95% CI, -11.61 to -4.38; P < .001]; T2: β, -7.99 [95% CI, -11.61 to -4.38; P < .001]). Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with mild-to-moderate PD, the mindfulness yoga program was found to be as effective as SRTE in improving motor dysfunction and mobility, with the additional benefits of a reduction in anxiety and depressive symptoms and an increase in spiritual well-being and HRQOL. Trial Registration: Centre for Clinical Research and Biostatistics identifier: CUHK_CCRB00522.
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“To attenuate this effect, both yoga and mindfulness meditation have been shown to improve health-related quality of life by reducing anxiety and depressive symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases [216,217].”
From The Impact of Neurotoxin Proteins Trafficked by Primary Cilia and Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases (2025) · cites this paper as [216]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Nevertheless, the sample size of the current study is above the average of existing MBI clinical trials for PD patients (number of studies = 7; range = 13–138; mean sample size = 50)12,32–37.”
From A randomized clinical trial of mindfulness meditation versus exercise in Parkinson’s disease during social unrest (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“it could be argued that only one was adequately powered to detect differences in study outcome measurements (Kwok et al., 2019).”
From A Systematic Review of Third-Wave Therapies to Reduce Distress and Improve Wellbeing and Quality of Life in People with Parkinson's Disease. (2025) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“there was evidence, based on data from the trial with the largest sample size, of an effect of Mindfulness Yoga on both its primary outcome (depression and anxiety) and on secondary outcomes (psychological well-being and quality of life), at the end of the 8-week intervention, which was sustained after 3 months (Kwok et al., 2019).”
From A Systematic Review of Third-Wave Therapies to Reduce Distress and Improve Wellbeing and Quality of Life in People with Parkinson's Disease. (2025) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
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“A clinical trial of yoga involving 138 PD patients demonstrated its significant superior therapeutic effects on alleviating anxiety and depression compared to active exercise control (stretching and resistance training exercises), with similar physical benefits12.”
From A randomized clinical trial of mindfulness meditation versus exercise in Parkinson’s disease during social unrest (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
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“its safety has been demonstrated in our previous published trial12.”
From A randomized clinical trial of mindfulness meditation versus exercise in Parkinson’s disease during social unrest (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
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“Compared to our previous clinical trial of mindfulness yoga, there was inconsistency in the evidence of its effects on anxiety, motor symptoms, and HRQOL12,20,21.”
From A randomized clinical trial of mindfulness meditation versus exercise in Parkinson’s disease during social unrest (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
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“The largest effectiveness trial found a significant reduction in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) following Mindfulness Yoga (n = 71) compared to an active control (n = 67) (Kwok et al., 2019)”
From A Systematic Review of Third-Wave Therapies to Reduce Distress and Improve Wellbeing and Quality of Life in People with Parkinson's Disease. (2025) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
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“One effectiveness trial showed significant improvement in secondary outcomes measures including the Holistic Well-being Scale (HWS) and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) following Mindfulness Yoga compared to an active control (Kwok et al., 2019).”
From A Systematic Review of Third-Wave Therapies to Reduce Distress and Improve Wellbeing and Quality of Life in People with Parkinson's Disease. (2025) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
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“The current evidence on using mindfulness techniques to improve depression in PD consists of four RCTs (Kwok et al., 2019; Pickut et al., 2015; Rodgers et al., 2019; Son & Choi, 2018) and three uncontrolled pretest-posttest studies (Birtwell et al., 2017; Cash et al., 2015; Dissanayaka et al., 2016), and shows mixed results.”
From Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson's disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand? (2021) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
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“Significant improvements were also observed following the adoption of mindfulness-based yoga, which were maintained at 3-month follow-up (Kwok et al., 2019).”
From Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson's disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand? (2021) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
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“The use of mindfulness-based interventions to address anxiety in PD has been evaluated by three RCTs (Kwok et al., 2019; Rodgers et al., 2019; Son & Choi, 2018) and two uncontrolled pretest-posttest studies (Birtwell et al., 2017; Dissanayaka et al., 2016).”
From Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson's disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand? (2021) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
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“A total of 10 intervention studies have adopted approaches based on mindfulness to target psychological difficulties in PD. Of these, five were RCTs (Advocat et al., 2016; Kwok et al., 2019; Pickut et al., 2015; Rodgers et al., 2019; Son & Choi, 2018).”
From Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson's disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand? (2021) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
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“The second most common psychotherapeutic model was mindfulness, with 10 studies adopting one of its many variations (e.g., MBCT, MBSR, mindfulness yoga), five of which were RCTs (Advocat et al., 2016; Kwok et al., 2019; Pickut et al., 2015; Rodgers et al., 2019; Son & Choi, 2018).”
From Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson's disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand? (2021) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Significant better outcomes for the mindfulness yoga group in anxiety, depression, and QoL at both post- intervention and follow-up.”
From Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson's disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand? (2021) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
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Items 101–200 of 380
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“Besides, the mindfulness yoga program was found to be as effective in improving motor dysfunction and mobility, with the additional benefits of reducing anxiety and depressive symptoms and increasing spiritual well-being and health-related quality of life, as shown by another RCT [58].”
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BackgroundYuping, Z., Tianbi, L., Wentao, S., Li, Y., & Zhang, G. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/5716755 · Cited by 27
“This approach can lead to signi fi cant improvements in muscle strength and endurance in a relatively short period while effectively enhancing over-all physical fi tness [47, 48].”
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Living with Parkinson’s disease: disease and medication experiences of patients and caregivers
Chen, Y., Huang, C., Chen, J.-H., Hsiao, C.-L., Hong, C., Wu, C., & Chang, E. H. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2021.2018769 · Cited by 16
“…exercise, dancing, boxing, and tai chi might improve PD patients’ motor symptoms, and also psychological aspects such as depression, anxiety, isolation from society and their life quality (Chen et al., 2020; Kampling et al., 2019; JY Kwok et al., 2016; Kwok et al., 2019; MacCosham et al., 2019).”
BackgroundResultSpanakis, M., Xylouri, I., Patelarou, E., & Patelarou, A. E. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159233 · Cited by 19
“(2019) [110] studied the effectiveness of mindfulness yoga in relation to stretching and resistance exercises in patients with NP.”
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Tsai, F.-J., & Shen, S.-W. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000032172 · Cited by 18
A meta-analysis of exercise intervention and the effect on Parkinson’s Disease symptoms
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“Treatment options for anxiety symptoms may include medication [27], psychotherapy [28], exercise [29], and relaxation techniques, such as music [30], meditation [31], and yoga [32].”
BackgroundCan Yogic Breathing Techniques Like Simha Kriya and Isha Kriya Regulate COVID-19-Related Stress?
Rain, M., Subramaniam, B., Avti, P., Mahajan, P., & Anand, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.635816 · Cited by 16
“Meditation and mindfulness also improve psychological well-being and reduce stress and anxiety (Kwok et al., 2019; Hilcove et al., 2020; Ofei-Dodoo et al., 2020; Sadhasivam et al., 2020).”
BackgroundRole of Equanimity on the Mediation Model of Neuroticism, Perceived Stress and Depressive Symptoms
Wongpakaran, N., Wongpakaran, T., Wedding, D., Mirnics, Z., & Kövi, Z. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9101300 · Cited by 16
“One of the few studies to examine these relationships found that equanimity was associated with decreased anxiety and depression [39].”
BackgroundThe Rationale of Yoga in Parkinson's Disease: A Critical Review
Mailankody, P., Varambally, S. S., Thennarasu, K., & Pal, P. K. (2021) · Neurology India · doi:10.4103/0028-3886.329545 · Cited by 16
Buchwitz, T. M., Maier, F., Greuel, A., Thieken, F., Steidel, K., Jakobs, V., & Eggers, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.763350 · Cited by 15
Wang, Z., Pi, Y., Tan, X., Wang, Z., Chen, R. E., Liu, Y., Guo, W., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.961938 · Cited by 16
“Physical and mental exercise can improve body and mind regulation in patients with PD (Kwok et al., 2019).”
BackgroundLai, Y., Huang, H., Hsieh, C. C., Lin, C., Yang, J.-C., Tsou, H., Lin, C., Li, S., Chan, H., & Liu, W. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021108 · Cited by 15
“A review of research on yoga and neurological disorders by Kwok [41] showed that yoga could improve activity and quality of life and reduce anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBaldassano, S., Alioto, A., Amato, A., Rossi, C., Messina, G., Bruno, M. R., Stallone, R., & Proia, P. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15032120 · Cited by 15
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“Indeed, poor mental health-related quality of life is evident among PD patients; in a large study of 887,750 veterans (n = 14,530) reported significantly lower mental health-related quality of life (HRQOL) compared to those with other serious health conditions including congestive heart failure, diabetes, arthritis, c…”
BackgroundInfluentialHe, J., Liu, F., Xu, P., Xu, T., Yu, H., Wu, B., Wang, H., Chen, J., Zhang, K., Zhang, J., et al. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/6651804 · Cited by 18
“The therapeutic potential of exercise, particularly in managing mild to moderate mood and anxiety disorders, is increasingly recognized, sometimes rivaling traditional pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy [21, 22].”
Spee, B. T. M., de Vries, N. M., Zeggio, S., Plijnaer, M., Koksma, J., Duits, A., Stap, T. B., Pasman, G., Haeyen, S., Darweesh, S. K. L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12878-0 · Cited by 16
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“Compared to traditional stretching or resistance training, yoga enhances neuroprotection through improved flexibility, posture, and mental relaxation [378] .”
Lin, X., Zheng, J., Zhang, Q., & Li, Y. (2024) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2024.100587 · Cited by 20
Tele-yoga for the management of Parkinson disease: A safety and feasibility trial
James-Palmer, A., & Daneault, J. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221119327 · Cited by 16
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“Specifically, based on posttest, general motor function (reflected by the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale—Motor Examination, UPDRS—Motor) significantly improved in PD patients who were treated with exercise therapy (Ni et al., 2016; Kwok et al., 2019).”
MethodAlleviating Stress in Parkinson’s Disease: Symptomatic Treatment, Disease Modification, or Both?
Goltz, F., van der Heide, A., & Helmich, R. C. G. (2024) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-230211 · Cited by 14
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“In recent years, the significance of MT in the prevention and treatment of ND has gotten a lot of attention (Dong et al., 2016; Song et al., 2017; Brasure et al., 2018; Kwok et al., 2019; Deuel and Seeberger, 2020; Guzman-Martinez et al., 2021), but its molecular mechanism has not been systematically summarized.”
BackgroundPrevalence and Influencing Factors of Depression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Li, L., Wang, Z., You, Z., & Huang, J. (2023) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2023.231253 · Cited by 13
The Role of Exercise in Maintaining Mitochondrial Proteostasis in Parkinson’s Disease
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“The measurements used varied between studies; eight studies (Advocat et al. 2016, Buchwitz et al., 2021, Dissanayaka et al., 2016, Koh et al., 2022, Kwok et al., 2019, Kwok et al., 2022, Kwok et al., 2023, Rodgers et al., 2019) used PDQ-related scales (e.g. PDQ-8, PDQ-39).”
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“, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem) symptoms ultimately resulting in improved quality of life (Abbruzzese, Marchese, Avanzino, and Pelosin, 2016; Chen et al., 2020; Donley, McGregor, Wielinski, and Nance, 2019; Kwok et al., 2019; Sumec, Filip, Sheardova, and Bares, 2015; Zhong et al., 2020).”
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Prevalence and Characterization of Yoga Mentions in the Electronic Health Record
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“Statistically significant improvements in QoL were found in seven studies using the EQ-5D, PDQL, PDQ-8 and PDQ-39 s [30,35,36,39,40,43,46].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe potential of arts therapies in Parkinson's disease rehabilitation: A comprehensive review
Li, Y., Luo, X., Zhang, A., Ying, F., Wang, J., & Huang, G. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35765 · Cited by 11
“Table 4 demonstrates the PICO(S) framework, which was used by researchers to extract data from five robust quality RCT studies comprising a total of 252 participants [26,29,30,37,40].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLinking COVID-19 and Parkinson's disease: Targeting the role of Vitamin-D
Behl, T., Kumar, S., Sehgal, A., Singh, S., Sharma, N., Chirgurupati, S., Aldubayan, M. A., Alhowail, A. H., Bhatia, S., & BUNGAU, S. G. (2021) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.10.042 · Cited by 11
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“…for PD patients, and their study showed that exercise can improve the daily living abilities and quality of life of PD patients; Kwok et al. [11] demonstrated that an 8-week resistance training program was effective in a group of 138 PD patients, with a significant clinical improvement in…”
The therapeutic effects of yoga in people with Parkinson’s disease: a mini-review
Zhang, T., Liu, W., Bai, Q., & Gao, S. (2023) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2023.2294935 · Cited by 12
“A randomized controlled trial was conducted by Jojo et al. [38] in 138 clinically diagnosed patients with idiopathic PD (aged ≥18 years) who were randomized 1:1 to either yoga group or a stretching and resistance training exercise (SRTE) group.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialYuan, Y., Wang, J., Wang, G., Wang, T., Zhang, H., Fu, X., Wu, L., Chen, X., Xia, R., Zhang, L., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1399175 · Cited by 10
Liu, X., Su, J., Zhang, J., Li, Z., Huang, K., Lin, D., & Tao, E. (2024) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115410 · Cited by 10
Reitano, M. R., Guidetti, M., Maiorana, N. V., Sandi, A. D., Carusi, F., Rosci, C. E., Ruggiero, F., Poletti, B., Ticozzi, N., Mameli, F., et al. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13020201 · Cited by 11
“, 2019 conducted an RCT on idiopathic PD, comparing levels of anxiety and depression of 71 patients who received mindfulness-based yoga training with 67 patients who received stretching and resistance exercises [90].”
BackgroundSpiritual Dimension in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Mapping Review
de Diego‐Cordero, R., Martos-Lorite, I., & Vega‐Escaño, J. (2022) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-022-01683-6 · Cited by 13
“On the other hand, a yoga mindfulness program guided by self-transcendence theory, in which 138 patients with Parkinson’s disease participated, was found to be as effective as stretching exercises and resistance training in improving motor dysfunction and memory loss mobility, with the added benefits of significant im…”
BackgroundGergüz, C., & Bayram, G. A. (2023) · Complementary Medicine Research · doi:10.1159/000533848 · Cited by 9
“The yoga program was created using poses and postures that could bene fi t the areas we targeted in accordance with our hypothesis, drawing on research from Kwok et al. [12] and Venkatesan et al. [13].”
MethodLangbroek-Amersfoort, A. C., Schootemeijer, S., Bouten, L., Bloem, B. R., & de Vries, N. M. (2023) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-023-01303-0 · Cited by 9
Kim, R., Choi, S., Kang, N., Park, K., Shin, H., Lee, H., Lee, H., Jun, J., Jeon, B., & Byun, K. (2024) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2023-331990 · Cited by 9
“5 Recent studies have shown that HIIT is feasible and safe for patients with PD, 6 but its effects on clinical outcomes, particularly non-motor symptoms, remain unclear.”
InfluentialMylius, V., Zenev, E., Brook, C. S., Brugger, F., Maetzler, W., Gonzenbach, R. R., & Paraschiv-Ionescu, A. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14070625 · Cited by 9
“…effects especially on mood and UPDRS III), and rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) combined with balance training over 5 weeks (effects on mobility (Mini-BESTest)) even in patients with Hoehn and Yahr stage IV) can be recommended, since convincing effects on various outcomes were shown [54–56].”
BackgroundA Physical Rehabilitation Approach for Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Literature Review
Tobar, A., Jaramillo, A. P., Costa, S. C., Costa, K. T., & Garcia, S. S. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.44739 · Cited by 9
“The MY-PD group showed statistically and clinically substantial improvement in anxiety and depression symptoms [14].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZheng, S., Wang, R., Zhang, S., Ou, Y., Sheng, X., Yang, M., Ge, M., Xia, L., Li, J., & Zhou, X. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05355-x · Cited by 12
Physical Exercise Interventions on Quality of Life in Parkinson Disease: A Network Meta-analysis
Lorenzo‐García, P., de Arenas‐Arroyo, S. N., Cavero‐Redondo, I., Guzmán‐Pavón, M. J., Priego-Jiménez, S., & Álvarez‐Bueno, C. (2022) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000414 · Cited by 12
Sagarwala, R., & Nasrallah, H. A. (2020) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012372003200310 · Cited by 9
Nagatsu, T. (2020) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-019-02111-y · Cited by 8
The Last Straw: How Stress Can Unmask Parkinson’s Disease
van der Heide, A., Trenkwalder, C., Bloem, B. R., & Helmich, R. C. G. (2024) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-230400 · Cited by 8
Duñabeitia, I., González-Devesa, D., Blanco-Martínez, N., & Ayán, C. (2025) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2025.107796 · Cited by 8
Approaches for treating neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: a narrative review
Rodríguez-Antigüedad, J., Olmedo‐Saura, G., Pagonabarraga, J., Martínez‐Horta, S., & Kulisevsky, J. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/17562864251336903 · Cited by 8
Management of Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease
Berry, A. J., Costello, H., Jesús, S., Price, G. W., & Jha, A. (2025) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.70144 · Cited by 22
Mechanisms of exercise against anxiety disorder: A review of the research progress
Fang, Z., Qian, Y., Sun, S., Qin, H., Zhu, Y., Tang, J., Chen, S., & Luo, Z. (2025) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2025.09.005 · Cited by 14
“16,17 In summary, exercise, asa multidimensionaland low-side-effect non-pharmacological intervention, holds great potential for application in anxietydisordertreatment.”
Physical activity as a mediator of anxiety and cognitive functioning in Parkinson's disease
Jones, J. D., Timblin, H., Rahmani, E., Garrett, S., Bunch, J., Beaver, H., & Hill, C. R. (2021) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2021.100382 · Cited by 8
Reeves, T. J., Dyer, N. L., Borden, S., Dusek, J. A., & Khalsa, S. B. S. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2022.2025640 · Cited by 10
“Yoga decreases anxiety in depression with clinical populations (Kwok et al., 2019).”
BackgroundIt is time for more holistic practices in mental health
Ribeiro, S. T. G., Pimentel, A. P., Fernandes, V. D. R., Deslandes, A. C., & Amarante, P. (2024) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000028 · Cited by 13
Zhao, H., Zhang, L., Yang, J., Guo, W., Sun, C., Shi, R., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1432256 · Cited by 8
Scott, R., Nahin, R. L., & Weber, W. J. (2021) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2020.0414 · Cited by 11
Blumenthal, J. A., Smith, P. J., Jiang, W., Hinderliter, A. L., Watkins, L. L., Hoffman, B. M., Kraus, W. E., Mabe, S., Liao, L., Davidson, J. R. T., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd9100320 · Cited by 8
Tian, J., Kong, Q., Yu, H., Liu, P., Shen, L., & Luo, Y. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14735 · Cited by 9
Moratelli, J., Corrêa, C. L., Andrade, A., Lyra, V. B., & Guimarães, A. C. D. A. (2025) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2025.2496728 · Cited by 7
“…size calculation was performed a priori using the G*Power 3.1.9.2 software (Faul et al., 2007), assuming an effect size of 0.26 (medium effect), a significance level of 5%, and a test power of 80% (Cohen, 1988) based on the primary outcome of the study, depressive symptoms (Kwok et al., 2019).”
InfluentialSubramanian, I., Ricciardi, L., Schrag, A. E., Appel‐Cresswell, S., Kola, S., Domingos, J., Pickut, B. A., Dahodwala, N. A., Bocoum, A., Falup‐Pecurariu, C., et al. (2025) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.70381 · Cited by 9
“…of life, while maintaining the same bene fi ts on motor symptoms, than did conventional physical exercises (stretching and resistance training) in individuals with mild-to-moderate PD. 81 Emerging evidence supports the role of meditative movement in modulating in fl ammatory pathways relevant to PD.”
InfluentialParkinson’s disease in primary health care and nursing care: a scoping review
Nunes, S. F. L., Álvarez, Á. M., & Valcarenghi, R. V. (2022) · Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP · doi:10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2021-0367 · Cited by 13
“However, the seven articles(12,19,25,29,42,51,52) included in the theme underestimated collective care in PD, because the actions”
BackgroundInfluentialTop Ten Tips Palliative Care Clinicians Should Know About Integrative Palliative Care
Bell, B. K., Liu, R., Cheng, S. Y., & Marchand, L. R. (2023) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2023.0219 · Cited by 7
Lovegrove, C., Sturkenboom, I. H. W. M., Marsden, J. F., & Bannigan, K. (2023) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-230150 · Cited by 8
Rosenfeldt, A. B., Koop, M. M., Penko, A. L., Hastilow, K., Zimmerman, E. M., Schindler, D., & Alberts, J. L. (2022) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.14049 · Cited by 7
“Studies have investigated community-based exercise programs (Cash et al., 2018 ; Duncan & Earhart, 2012 ; Kwok et al., 2019 ; Mak & Wong-Yu, 2021 ; McGough et al., 2016; Tidman & Skotzke, 2020 ; Volpe et al., 2013 ); however, the majority have largely been conducted in controlled environments (e.g.…”
Li, X., Lau, E. N. S., Chan, S. K. C., Lam, T. P., Cheng, J. C. Y., Lee, E. K. P., Wong, S. Y. S., & Yip, B. H. K. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-02021-3 · Cited by 7
Systematic review to explore the effect of yoga on anxiety in adults
Laban-Sharman, A., Deveci, M. M., & Laban-Sharman, D. R. (2023) · Mental Health Global Challenges Journal · doi:10.56508/mhgcj.v6i1.150 · Cited by 7
d’Alencar, M. S., Santos, G. V., Helene, A. F., Roque, A. C., Miranda, J. G. V., & Piemonte, M. E. P. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1101650 · Cited by 7
Thunga, A. V., Karthikbabu, S., & Venkatesan, P. (2022) · Annals of Movement Disorders · doi:10.4103/aomd.aomd_49_21 · Cited by 9
Rehabilitation in Parkinson’s disease: Current status and future directions
Dhamija, R. K., & Garg, D. (2020) · Annals of Movement Disorders · doi:10.4103/aomd.aomd_1_20 · Cited by 7
Yoga—A complementary and traditional medicine for human health
Pandey, S., Pandey, A. C., & Kotecha, V. R. (2025) · Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.joim.2025.01.002 · Cited by 7
Mao, J., Xia, Y., Hu, Y., & Yao, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1666552 · Cited by 6
Liu, Z., Hui, C., Liu, S., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., & Ye, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1542405 · Cited by 6
Lifestyle medicine in Parkinson’s disease
Süß, P., Regensburger, M., Gassner, H., & Winkler, J. (2025) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-025-03059-y · Cited by 6
“Motor effects of mindfulness-based interventions in PD are less well studied, but were also reported to be beneficial (Kwok et al. 2019; Pickut et al. 2015 ).”
van der Heide, A., Goltz, F., de Vries, N. M., Bloem, B. R., Speckens, A. E. M., & Helmich, R. C. G. (2024) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-024-03736-7 · Cited by 7
Yoga at Primary Health Centers – A Pathway to Holistic Health: Narrative Review
Gupta, P. (2024) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_106_24 · Cited by 10
“[67] Quoted literature recommends yoga to be an integral part of rehabilitation.”
BackgroundZhu, B., Liu, Q., Jia, S., Wang, X., & Man, Q. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1501996 · Cited by 9
Comparison of the Impact of Various Exercise Modalities on Parkinson’s Disease
Park, J., Cheon, S., Lee, M. J., Ryu, D.-W., & Yoo, D. (2025) · Journal of Movement Disorders · doi:10.14802/jmd.25038 · Cited by 6
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“All studies reported aerobic interventions, including cycling [40,51,52], dancing [43,46,47,49], walking [41], yoga [38,44], Qigong [37,45,48], arm crank [31], body awareness training [34,42], boxing [35,39], and multimodal physical exercise [32,33,36,50].”
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“…(Bogosian et al., 2021; Buchwitz et al., 2021; Ghielen et al., 2017), one trial did not allow concurrent pharmacotherapy for mood disorders (Kwok et al., 2019), while others trials allowed participants to be prescribed medication for mood disorders (Bogosian et al., 2021; Ghielen et al.,…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kwok, J. Y. Y., Kwan, J. C. Y., Auyeung, M., Mok, V. C. T., Lau, C. K. Y., Choi, K. C., & Chan, H. Y. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- The Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
- Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital (CN)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Prince of Wales Hospital (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Kwok, Jojo Y. Y.
- Venue
- JAMA Neurology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2019-07-01
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 755
- ISSN
- 2168-6149 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6583059
- OpenAlex
- W2929550160
- Cited by
- 379
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 36.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA Neurology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Keywords
- mindfulness yoga, Parkinson's disease, anxiety, depression, exercise therapy, spiritual well-being, health-related quality of life, motor symptoms, mobility (physical function), psychological distress, non-pharmacological treatment, community rehabilitation centers, MDS-UPDRS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, equanimity, older adults, community-dwelling
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Anxiety, Depression, Exercise Therapy, Female, Hong Kong, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Quality of Life, Severity of Illness Index, Yoga, Treatment Outcome, Muscle Stretching Exercises, Resistance Training, Mindfulness
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