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Effects of Mindfulness Yoga vs Stretching and Resistance Training Exercises on Anxiety and Depression for People With Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Clinical practice guidelines support exercise for patients with Parkinson disease (PD), but to our knowledge, no randomized clinical trials have tested whether yoga is superior to conventional physical exercises for stress and symptom management. Objective: To compare the effects of a mindfulness yoga program vs stretching and resistance training exercise (SRTE) on psychological distress, physical health, spiritual well-being, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with mild-to-moderate PD. Design, Setting, and Participants: An assessor-masked, randomized clinical trial using the intention-to-treat principle was conducted at 4 community rehabilitation centers in Hong Kong between December 1, 2016, and May 31, 2017. A total of 187 adults (aged ≥18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic PD who were able to stand unaided and walk with or without an assistive device were enrolled via convenience sampling. Eligible participants were randomized 1:1 to mindfulness yoga or SRTE. Interventions: Mindfulness yoga was delivered in 90-minute groups and SRTE were delivered in 60-minute groups for 8 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcomes included anxiety and depressive symptoms assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Secondary outcomes included severity of motor symptoms (Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [MDS-UPDRS], Part III motor score), mobility, spiritual well-being in terms of perceived hardship and equanimity, and HRQOL. Assessments were done at baseline, 8 weeks (T1), and 20 weeks (T2). Results: The 138 participants included 65 men (47.1%) with a mean (SD) age of 63.7 (8.7) years and a mean (SD) MDS-UPDRS score of 33.3 (15.3). Generalized estimating equation analyses revealed that the yoga group had significantly better improvement in outcomes than the SRTE group, particularly for anxiety (time-by-group interaction, T1: β, -1.79 [95% CI, -2.85 to -0.69; P = .001]; T2: β, -2.05 [95% CI, -3.02 to -1.08; P < .001]), depression (T1: β, -2.75 [95% CI, -3.17 to -1.35; P < .001]); T2: β, -2.75 [95% CI, -3.71 to -1.79; P < .001]), perceived hardship (T1: β, -0.92 [95% CI, -1.25 to -0.61; P < .001]; T2: β, -0.76 [95% CI, -1.12 to -0.40; P < .001]), perceived equanimity (T1: β, 1.11 [95% CI, 0.79-1.42; P < .001]; T2: β, 1.19 [95% CI, 0.82-1.56; P < .001]), and disease-specific HRQOL (T1: β, -7.77 [95% CI, -11.61 to -4.38; P < .001]; T2: β, -7.99 [95% CI, -11.61 to -4.38; P < .001]). Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with mild-to-moderate PD, the mindfulness yoga program was found to be as effective as SRTE in improving motor dysfunction and mobility, with the additional benefits of a reduction in anxiety and depressive symptoms and an increase in spiritual well-being and HRQOL. Trial Registration: Centre for Clinical Research and Biostatistics identifier: CUHK_CCRB00522.
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“To attenuate this effect, both yoga and mindfulness meditation have been shown to improve health-related quality of life by reducing anxiety and depressive symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases [216,217].”
From The Impact of Neurotoxin Proteins Trafficked by Primary Cilia and Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases (2025) · cites this paper as [216]
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“Nevertheless, the sample size of the current study is above the average of existing MBI clinical trials for PD patients (number of studies = 7; range = 13–138; mean sample size = 50)12,32–37.”
From A randomized clinical trial of mindfulness meditation versus exercise in Parkinson’s disease during social unrest (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“it could be argued that only one was adequately powered to detect differences in study outcome measurements (Kwok et al., 2019).”
From A Systematic Review of Third-Wave Therapies to Reduce Distress and Improve Wellbeing and Quality of Life in People with Parkinson's Disease. (2025) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
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“there was evidence, based on data from the trial with the largest sample size, of an effect of Mindfulness Yoga on both its primary outcome (depression and anxiety) and on secondary outcomes (psychological well-being and quality of life), at the end of the 8-week intervention, which was sustained after 3 months (Kwok et al., 2019).”
From A Systematic Review of Third-Wave Therapies to Reduce Distress and Improve Wellbeing and Quality of Life in People with Parkinson's Disease. (2025) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
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“A clinical trial of yoga involving 138 PD patients demonstrated its significant superior therapeutic effects on alleviating anxiety and depression compared to active exercise control (stretching and resistance training exercises), with similar physical benefits12.”
From A randomized clinical trial of mindfulness meditation versus exercise in Parkinson’s disease during social unrest (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
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“its safety has been demonstrated in our previous published trial12.”
From A randomized clinical trial of mindfulness meditation versus exercise in Parkinson’s disease during social unrest (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
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“Compared to our previous clinical trial of mindfulness yoga, there was inconsistency in the evidence of its effects on anxiety, motor symptoms, and HRQOL12,20,21.”
From A randomized clinical trial of mindfulness meditation versus exercise in Parkinson’s disease during social unrest (2023) · cites this paper as [12]
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“The largest effectiveness trial found a significant reduction in Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) following Mindfulness Yoga (n = 71) compared to an active control (n = 67) (Kwok et al., 2019)”
From A Systematic Review of Third-Wave Therapies to Reduce Distress and Improve Wellbeing and Quality of Life in People with Parkinson's Disease. (2025) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
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“One effectiveness trial showed significant improvement in secondary outcomes measures including the Holistic Well-being Scale (HWS) and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) following Mindfulness Yoga compared to an active control (Kwok et al., 2019).”
From A Systematic Review of Third-Wave Therapies to Reduce Distress and Improve Wellbeing and Quality of Life in People with Parkinson's Disease. (2025) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
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“The current evidence on using mindfulness techniques to improve depression in PD consists of four RCTs (Kwok et al., 2019; Pickut et al., 2015; Rodgers et al., 2019; Son & Choi, 2018) and three uncontrolled pretest-posttest studies (Birtwell et al., 2017; Cash et al., 2015; Dissanayaka et al., 2016), and shows mixed results.”
From Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson's disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand? (2021) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
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“Significant improvements were also observed following the adoption of mindfulness-based yoga, which were maintained at 3-month follow-up (Kwok et al., 2019).”
From Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson's disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand? (2021) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
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“The use of mindfulness-based interventions to address anxiety in PD has been evaluated by three RCTs (Kwok et al., 2019; Rodgers et al., 2019; Son & Choi, 2018) and two uncontrolled pretest-posttest studies (Birtwell et al., 2017; Dissanayaka et al., 2016).”
From Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson's disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand? (2021) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
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“A total of 10 intervention studies have adopted approaches based on mindfulness to target psychological difficulties in PD. Of these, five were RCTs (Advocat et al., 2016; Kwok et al., 2019; Pickut et al., 2015; Rodgers et al., 2019; Son & Choi, 2018).”
From Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson's disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand? (2021) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
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“The second most common psychotherapeutic model was mindfulness, with 10 studies adopting one of its many variations (e.g., MBCT, MBSR, mindfulness yoga), five of which were RCTs (Advocat et al., 2016; Kwok et al., 2019; Pickut et al., 2015; Rodgers et al., 2019; Son & Choi, 2018).”
From Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson's disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand? (2021) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
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“Significant better outcomes for the mindfulness yoga group in anxiety, depression, and QoL at both post- intervention and follow-up.”
From Psychological interventions for people with Parkinson's disease in the early 2020s: Where do we stand? (2021) · cites this paper as Kwok et al., 2019
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“From this we can conclude that the improvement in HADS-D depression score of 2.6 points and in HADS-A anxiety score of 2.4 points reported by Kwok et al.18 is likely clinically relevant (HADS-D: MCID = 1.7 points; HADS-A: MCID = 1.8 points), whereas the improvement in GDS-30 depression of 3.4 points reported by Son et…”
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Physical exercise for brain plasticity promotion an overview of the underlying oscillatory mechanism
Li, X., Qu, X., Shi, K., Yang, Y., & Sun, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1440975 · Cited by 38
So, W. W. Y., Lu, E. Y., Cheung, W. M., & Tsang, H. W. H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17228692 · Cited by 34
“Eleven studies were conducted in the USA [16–26], three studies in India [27–29], three studies in Hong Kong [15,30,31], two studies in Brazil [32,33], one study in Sweden [34], one study in Iran [35], one study in China [36], one study in Australia [14], and one study in Canada [37].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMultidisciplinary Care to Optimize Functional Mobility in Parkinson Disease
Tosserams, A., de Vries, N. M., Bloem, B. R., & Nonnekes, J. H. (2019) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2019.09.008 · Cited by 33
Non-motor Symptoms and Treatments in Parkinson’s Disease
Goldman, J. G. (2025) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2024.12.008 · Cited by 32
Trinh, J., de Vries, N. M., Chan, P., Dekker, M. C. J., Helmich, R. C. G., & Bloem, B. R. (2025) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(25)00305-9 · Cited by 32
Lai, T. T., Gericke, B., Feja, M., Conoscenti, M. A., Zelikowsky, M., & Richter, F. (2023) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-023-00547-4 · Cited by 34
Tosserams, A., Bloem, B. R., Martens, K. A. E., Helmich, R. C. G., Kessels, R. P. C., Shine, J. M., Taylor, N. L., Wainstein, G., Lewis, S. J. G., & Nonnekes, J. H. (2023) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-023-00347-z · Cited by 31
Kwok, J. Y. Y., Choi, E. P. H., Chau, P. H., Wong, J. Y. H., Fong, D., & Auyeung, M. (2020) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-020-02562-x · Cited by 35
“This work was a secondary data analysis of the baseline data of a clinical trial, which aimed to examine the comparative effects of a mindfulness-based exercise programme—mindfulness yoga—versus conventional stretching and resistance training exercises on psychological distress (primary outcome), as well as physical h…”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationLuciano, M., Sampogna, G., Amore, M., Bertolino, A., Dell’Osso, L., Rossi, A., Siracusano, A., Calcagno, P., Carmassi, C., Lorenzo, G. D., et al. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114818 · Cited by 35
“Moreover, engaging in physical activities (including mindfulness yoga, walking-exercise) significantly improves affective and anxiety symptoms in patients with chronic physical and mental diseases (Chen et al., 2015; Kwok et al., 2019).”
Zhao, Y., Wang, W., Wang, M., Gao, F., Hu, C., Cui, B., Yu, W., & Ren, H. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1015725 · Cited by 32
Evers, L. J. W., Peeters, J. M., Bloem, B. R., & Meinders, M. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1150634 · Cited by 29
The Role of Exercise in Parkinson’s Disease
Emig, M., George, T., Zhang, J. K., & Soudagar-Turkey, M. (2021) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/08919887211018273 · Cited by 29
“Researchers concluded that the mindfulness yoga program was as effective as the resistance training in improving motor dysfunction and mobility while also providing the additional benefits of reduced anxiety and depressive symptoms and an increase in spiritual well-being and health-related quality of life.(24) A study…”
BackgroundMethodCosta, V., Prati, J. M., Suassuna, A. D. O. B., Brito, T. S. S., da Rocha, T. F., & Gianlorenço, A. C. (2024) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/08919887241237223 · Cited by 28
Hao, Z., Zhang, X., & Chen, P. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12060698 · Cited by 34
Role of the globus pallidus in motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
Jiang, Y., Qi, Z., Zhu, H., Shen, K., Liu, R., Fang, C., Lou, W., Jiang, Y.-F., Yuan, W.-R., Cao, X., et al. (2024) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01660 · Cited by 30
Sok, S. R., Shin, E., Kim, S., & Kim, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18157848 · Cited by 27
Guo, X., & Le, Y. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.09.008 · Cited by 25
Sensory focused exercise improves anxiety in Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled trial
Beck, E. N., Wang, M. T. Y., Intzandt, B., Almeida, Q. J., & Martens, K. A. E. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230803 · Cited by 25
“whereas a weekly stretching and resistance exercise intervention did not [62].”
BackgroundUpdates in Parkinson’s disease integrative therapies: an evidence-based review
Kola, S., & Subramanian, I. (2023) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-023-01312-z · Cited by 24
Kwok, J. Y. Y., Lee, J. J., Auyeung, M., Chan, L. M. L., & Chan, H. Y. L. (2020) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13055 · Cited by 25
Self-citationRemote Delivery of Yoga Interventions Through Technology: Scoping Review
James-Palmer, A., Anderson, E. Z., & Daneault, J. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/29092 · Cited by 24
Luengos, I. S., Lucas‐Jiménez, O., Ojeda, N., Peña, J., Gómez‐Esteban, J. C., Gómez‐Beldarrain, M. Á., Vázquez-Picón, R., Foncea, N., & Ibarretxe‐Bilbao, N. (2022) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-022-03187-y · Cited by 29
Effects of Exercise on Depressive Symptoms in Patients With Parkinson Disease
Kim, R., Lee, T. L., Lee, H., Ko, D. K., Jeon, B., & Kang, N. (2022) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000201453 · Cited by 24
Chan, L. M. L., Yan, Y., Lee, J. J. J., Lam, W., Lin, C., Auyeung, M., Bloem, B. R., & Kwok, J. Y. Y. (2022) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2022.11.001 · Cited by 24
Self-citationHesperidin plays beneficial roles in disorders associated with the central nervous system: a review
Atoki, A. V., Aja, P. M., Shinkafi, T. S., Ondari, E. N., & Awuchi, C. G. (2023) · International Journal of Food Properties · doi:10.1080/10942912.2023.2236327 · Cited by 25
“Anxiety and depression are frequently present in PD patients, as non-motor symptoms.([46]) In one study, 6-hydroxydopamine, a neurotoxin that causes symptoms like PD, was administered to animals.”
BackgroundTargeting brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: A review
Wang, D., Lang, Z., Wei, S., Wang, W., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Neuroprotection/Neuroprotection (Chichester, England. Print) · doi:10.1002/nep3.43 · Cited by 31
van der Heide, A., Wessel, M., Papadopetraki, D., Geurts, D. E. M., van Prooije, T. H., Gommans, F., Bloem, B. R., Dirkx, M. F., & Helmich, R. C. G. (2024) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.27159 · Cited by 24
“Insights from this study may improve treatments that attenuate the in fl uence of the stress system on PD tremor, based on behavioral (eg, mindfulness-based interventions) 8,48 or pharmacological suppression (eg, pro-pranolol).”
He, W., Zhang, S., Qi, Z., & Liu, W. (2024) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107201 · Cited by 23
Miao, C., Gao, Y., Li, X., Zhou, Y., Chung, J. W.-Y., & Smith, G. D. (2023) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-023-04141-2 · Cited by 34
Batzu, L., Podlewska, A. M., Gibson, L. L., Chaudhuri, К. R., & Aarsland, D. (2024) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2023.11.001 · Cited by 25
Zhang, T., Liu, W., & Gao, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.931460 · Cited by 24
“Depression, a potential risk factor for dementia, can be treated with yoga as an effective and cost-effective complementary treatment (43).”
BackgroundLiu, Y., Hou, Y., Quan, H., Zhao, D., Zhao, J., Cao, B., Pang, Y., Chen, H., Lei, X., & Yuan, H. (2023) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-023-00938-z · Cited by 22
Influence of aerobic exercise on depression in young people: a meta-analysis
Li, W., Liu, Y., Deng, J., & Wang, T. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06013-6 · Cited by 21
“Contrarily, Kwok [37] suggests that intervention through 90 min of aerobic exercise can improve depressive symptoms in adult Parkinson’s patients.”
BackgroundThe effect of exercise on depression and gut microbiota: Possible mechanisms
Yao, M., Qu, Y., Zheng, Y., & Guo, H. (2024) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111130 · Cited by 26
“Mind-body exercises, including yoga, Tai Chi, Eight Section Brocade, and Pilates, are also classified as aerobic activities(Kwok et al., 2019), which enhance cognitive function and mitigate memory decline (Wang et al., 2018; Fiatarone et al., 1994), also modulate brain function, as shown in the…”
InfluentialHappiness: A Novel Outcome in Parkinson Studies?
Cools, C. I., de Vries, N. M., & Bloem, B. R. (2020) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-201999 · Cited by 21
Life with Parkinson’s Disease During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Pressure Is “OFF”
Thomsen, T. H., Wallerstedt, S. M., Winge, K., & Bergquist, F. (2021) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-202342 · Cited by 21
The Relationship Between Anxiety Disorders and Parkinson’s Disease: Clinical and Therapeutic Issues
Kassm, S. A., Naja, W., Haddad, R. S., & Pélissolo, A. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01229-9 · Cited by 28
Kwok, J. Y. Y., Chan, L. M. L., Lai, C. A., Ho, P. W., Choi, Z. Y.-K., Auyeung, M., Pang, S., Choi, E. P. H., Fong, D., Yu, D. S. F., et al. (2025) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000543457 · Cited by 23
Self-citationLi, X., He, J., Yun, J., & Qin, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.591605 · Cited by 23
Multi-Modal Rehabilitation Therapy in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders
Saluja, A., Goyal, V., & Dhamija, R. K. (2022) · Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology · doi:10.4103/aian.aian_164_22 · Cited by 25
“anxiety and depression) and QOL compared to stretching/ resistance exercises among PD patients.[83,84]”
BackgroundA Systematic Review of Psychotherapy Approaches for Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease.
Roper, A., Pacas Fronza, G., Dobkin, R. D., Beaudreau, S. A., Mitchell, L. K., Pachana, N. A., Thangavelu, K., & Dissanayaka, N. N. (2024) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2022.2074814 · Cited by 19
Mindfulness based stress reduction in people with Parkinson's disease and their care partners
Shah-Zamora, D., Allen, A. M., Rardin, L., Ivancic, M., Durham, K., Hickey, P., Cooney, J. W., Scott, B. L., & Mantri, S. (2021) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101377 · Cited by 19
Langer, A., Hasenauer, S., Flotz, A., Gassner, L., Pokan, R., Dabnichki, P., Wizany, L., Gruber, J., Roth, D., Zimmel, S., et al. (2021) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-021-00193-8 · Cited by 21
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“Among all eligible studies, 60 RCTs were two-arm trials (Wade et al., 2003; Craig et al., 2006; Paus et al., 2007; Veazey et al., 2009; Modugno et al., 2010; Pal et al., 2010; Smania et al., 2010; Sproesser et al., 2010; Dobkin et al., 2011, 2021; Edwards et al., 2013; Naismith et al., 2013; Okai et al., 2013; Rios Ro…”
Stress, Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise – A Narrative Review
Popović, D., & Lavie, C. J. (2022) · Heart and Mind · doi:10.4103/hm.hm_33_22 · Cited by 19
Zhao, T., Tang, C., Huang, Y., Lu, Q., Guo, M., & Wang, H. (2023) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2023.104452 · Cited by 19
Cano-Sánchez, J., Aibar‐Almazán, A., Hita‐Contreras, F., Afanador-Restrepo, D. F., Martínez‐Amat, A., Achalandabaso‐Ochoa, A., & Carcelén‐Fraile, M. D. C. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13051378 · Cited by 19
“Additionally, further research is required to determine the best protocols and patient subgroups that will benefit most from this well-known and easily implemented intervention.”
BackgroundThe challenge of managing parkinson's disease patients during the COVID-19 pandemic
Dhamija, R. K., & Garg, D. (2020) · Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology · doi:10.4103/aian.aian_295_20 · Cited by 18
“[35] Mindfulness strategies are known to reduce depression and anxiety levels.[36] Such home-based exercised and relaxation techniques may promote coping during the lockdown period.”
BackgroundWeintraub, D. A., & Irwin, D. J. (2022) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000001151 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Kwok, J. Y. Y., Kwan, J. C. Y., Auyeung, M., Mok, V. C. T., Lau, C. K. Y., Choi, K. C., & Chan, H. Y. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- The Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
- Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital (CN)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Prince of Wales Hospital (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Kwok, Jojo Y. Y.
- Venue
- JAMA Neurology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2019-07-01
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 755
- ISSN
- 2168-6149 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6583059
- OpenAlex
- W2929550160
- Cited by
- 379
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 36.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA Neurology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Keywords
- mindfulness yoga, Parkinson's disease, anxiety, depression, exercise therapy, spiritual well-being, health-related quality of life, motor symptoms, mobility (physical function), psychological distress, non-pharmacological treatment, community rehabilitation centers, MDS-UPDRS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, equanimity, older adults, community-dwelling
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Anxiety, Depression, Exercise Therapy, Female, Hong Kong, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Quality of Life, Severity of Illness Index, Yoga, Treatment Outcome, Muscle Stretching Exercises, Resistance Training, Mindfulness
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