Cited by 618Global Maternal and Child HealthGlobal Health and EpidemiologyInjury Epidemiology and Prevention

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Global and National Burden of Diseases and Injuries Among Children and Adolescents Between 1990 and 2013: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Study

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Global Burden of Disease Pediatrics Collaboration, Kyu, Hmwe H., Pinho, Christine, Wagner, Joseph A., Brown, Jonathan C., Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Charlson, Fiona J., Coffeng, Luc Edgar, Dandona, Lalit, Erskine, Holly E., Ferrari, Alize J., Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Thomas D., Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Graetz, Nicholas, Guinovart, Caterina, Haagsma, Juanita, Higashi, Hideki, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Larson, Heidi J., Lim, Stephen S., Mokdad, Ali H., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Odell, Shaun V., Roth, Gregory A., Serina, Peter T., Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Misganaw, Awoke, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wolock, Timothy M., Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., AlBuhairan, Fadia S., Amare, Azmeraw T., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Artaman, Al, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barrero, Lope H., Benjet, Corina, Bensenor, Isabela M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bikbov, Boris, Brazinova, Alexandra, Campos-Nonato, Ismael, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Cooper, Cyrus, Crump, John A., Dandona, Rakhi, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P., Dharmaratne, Samath D., Faraon, Emerito Jose A., Feigin, Valery L., Fürst, Thomas, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Gibney, Katherine B., Goto, Atsushi, Gunnell, David, Hankey, Graeme J., Hay, Roderick J., Hornberger, John C., Hosgood, H. Dean, Hu, Guoqing, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jayaraman, Sudha P., Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jonas, Jost B., Karch, André, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kucuk Bicer, Burcu, Kumar, G. Anil, Larsson, Anders, Leasher, Janet L., Leung, Ricky, Li, Yongmei, Lipshultz, Steven E., Lopez, Alan D., Lotufo, Paulo A., Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., Majdan, Marek, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mashal, Taufiq, Mason-Jones, Amanda J., Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memish, Ziad A., Mendoza, Walter, Miller, Ted R., Mock, Charles N., Murray, Joseph, Nolte, Sandra, Oh, In-Hwan, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Ortblad, Katrina F., Park, Eun-Kee, Paternina Caicedo, Angel J., Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Pereira, David M., Perico, Norberto, Piel, Frédéric B., Polinder, Suzanne, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Quistberg, D. Alex, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Rodriguez, Alina, Rojas-Rueda, David, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rothstein, David H., Sanabria, Juan, Santos, Itamar S., Schwebel, David C., Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shaheen, Amira, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stein, Dan J., Steiner, Timothy J., Stovner, Lars Jacob, Sykes, Bryan L., Tabb, Karen M., Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J., Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Werdecker, Andrea, Wilkinson, James D., Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D. A., Yano, Yuichiro, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher J. L., Vos, Theo·2016·JAMA Pediatrics

DOI 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4276PMC PMC5076765

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Abstract

IMPORTANCE: The literature focuses on mortality among children younger than 5 years. Comparable information on nonfatal health outcomes among these children and the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases and injuries among older children and adolescents is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To determine levels and trends in the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases and injuries among younger children (aged <5 years), older children (aged 5-9 years), and adolescents (aged 10-19 years) between 1990 and 2013 in 188 countries from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2013 study. EVIDENCE REVIEW: Data from vital registration, verbal autopsy studies, maternal and child death surveillance, and other sources covering 14,244 site-years (ie, years of cause of death data by geography) from 1980 through 2013 were used to estimate cause-specific mortality. Data from 35,620 epidemiological sources were used to estimate the prevalence of the diseases and sequelae in the GBD 2013 study. Cause-specific mortality for most causes was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble Model strategy. For some infectious diseases (eg, HIV infection/AIDS, measles, hepatitis B) where the disease process is complex or the cause of death data were insufficient or unavailable, we used natural history models. For most nonfatal health outcomes, DisMod-MR 2.0, a Bayesian metaregression tool, was used to meta-analyze the epidemiological data to generate prevalence estimates. FINDINGS: Of the 7.7 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 7.4-8.1) million deaths among children and adolescents globally in 2013, 6.28 million occurred among younger children, 0.48 million among older children, and 0.97 million among adolescents. In 2013, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory tract infections among younger children (905.059 deaths; 95% UI, 810,304-998,125), diarrheal diseases among older children (38,325 deaths; 95% UI, 30,365-47,678), and road injuries among adolescents (115,186 deaths; 95% UI, 105,185-124,870). Iron deficiency anemia was the leading cause of years lived with disability among children and adolescents, affecting 619 (95% UI, 618-621) million in 2013. Large between-country variations exist in mortality from leading causes among children and adolescents. Countries with rapid declines in all-cause mortality between 1990 and 2013 also experienced large declines in most leading causes of death, whereas countries with the slowest declines had stagnant or increasing trends in the leading causes of death. In 2013, Nigeria had a 12% global share of deaths from lower respiratory tract infections and a 38% global share of deaths from malaria. India had 33% of the world's deaths from neonatal encephalopathy. Half of the world's diarrheal deaths among children and adolescents occurred in just 5 countries: India, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Ethiopia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Understanding the levels and trends of the leading causes of death and disability among children and adolescents is critical to guide investment and inform policies. Monitoring these trends over time is also key to understanding where interventions are having an impact. Proven interventions exist to prevent or treat the leading causes of unnecessary death and disability among children and adolescents. The findings presented here show that these are underused and give guidance to policy makers in countries where more attention is needed.

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Authors: Global Burden of Disease Pediatrics Collaboration, Kyu, H. H., Pinho, C., Wagner, J. A., Brown, J. C., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Charlson, F. J., Coffeng, L. E., Dandona, L., Erskine, H. E., Ferrari, A. J., Fitzmaurice, C., Fleming, T. D., Forouzanfar, M. H., Graetz, N., Guinovart, C., Haagsma, J., Higashi, H., Kassebaum, N. J., Larson, H. J., Lim, S. S., Mokdad, A. H., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Odell, S. V., Roth, G. A., Serina, P. T., Stanaway, J. D., Misganaw, A., Whiteford, H. A., Wolock, T. M., Wulf Hanson, S., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S. F., Abu-Raddad, L. J., AlBuhairan, F. S., Amare, A. T., Antonio, C. A. T., Artaman, A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barrero, L. H., Benjet, C., Bensenor, I. M., Bhutta, Z. A., Bikbov, B., Brazinova, A., Campos-Nonato, I., Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A., Catalá-López, F., Chowdhury, R., Cooper, C., Crump, J. A., Dandona, R., Degenhardt, L., Dellavalle, R. P., Dharmaratne, S. D., Faraon, E. J. A., Feigin, V. L., Fürst, T., Geleijnse, J. M., Gessner, B. D., Gibney, K. B., Goto, A., Gunnell, D., Hankey, G. J., Hay, R. J., Hornberger, J. C., Hosgood, H. D., Hu, G., Jacobsen, K. H., Jayaraman, S. P., Jeemon, P., Jonas, J. B., Karch, A., Kim, D., Kim, S., Kokubo, Y., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kumar, G. A., Larsson, A., Leasher, J. L., Leung, R., Li, Y., Lipshultz, S. E., Lopez, A. D., Lotufo, P. A., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R. A., Majdan, M., Malekzadeh, R., Mashal, T., Mason-Jones, A. J., Melaku, Y. A., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Miller, T. R., Mock, C. N., Murray, J., Nolte, S., Oh, I.-H., Olusanya, B. O., Ortblad, K. F., Park, E.-K., Paternina Caicedo, A. J., Patten, S. B., Patton, G. C., Pereira, D. M., Perico, N., Piel, F. B., Polinder, S., Popova, S., Pourmalek, F., Quistberg, D. A., Remuzzi, G., Rodriguez, A., Rojas-Rueda, D., Rothenbacher, D., Rothstein, D. H., Sanabria, J., Santos, I. S., Schwebel, D. C., Sepanlou, S. G., Shaheen, A., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Skirbekk, V., Sliwa, K., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Stein, D. J., Steiner, T. J., Stovner, L. J., Sykes, B. L., Tabb, K. M., Terkawi, A. S., Thomson, A. J., Thorne-Lyman, A. L., Towbin, J. A., Ukwaja, K. N., Vasankari, T., Venketasubramanian, N., Vlassov, V. V., Vollset, S. E., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R. G., Werdecker, A., Wilkinson, J. D., Woldeyohannes, S. M., Wolfe, C. D. A., Yano, Y., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S.-J., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., El Sayed Zaki, M., Naghavi, M., Murray, C. J. L., & Vos, T.
Affiliations: Intermountain Healthcare (US)
University of Washington (US)
The University of Queensland (AU)
Seattle Children's Hospital (US)
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle10Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
Cairo University (EG)
Mekelle University (ET)
Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar (QA)
King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (SA)
University of Groningen (NL)
University of the Philippines Manila (PH)
Consultant, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
University of Auckland (NZ)
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (CO)
Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (MX)
University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Aga Khan University (PK)
Russian University of Medicine (RU)
International Neurotrama Research Organization, Vienna, Austria34Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico36School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
Universidad Nacional de Colombia (CO)
Universitat de València (ES)
University of Cambridge (GB)
University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
University of Otago (NZ)
UNSW Sydney (AU)
Colorado School of Public Health (US)
University of Peradeniya (LK)
Department of Health (PH)
Auckland University of Technology (NZ)
Imperial College London (GB)
Wageningen University & Research (NL)
Agence de Médecine Préventive (FR)
Monash University (AU)
Tokyo Women's Medical University (JP)
University of Bristol (GB)
The University of Western Australia (AU)
King's College London (GB)
Stanford University (US)
Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
George Mason University (US)
Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
Centre for Chronic Disease Control (IN)
Heidelberg University (DE)
German Center for Infection Research (DE)
Northeastern University (US)
Soonchunhyang University (KR)
National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (JP)
Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada78Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada79Public Health Research Institute, University of Montreal,
Institute of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Public Health Foundation of India (IN)
Uppsala University (SE)
Nova Southeastern University (US)
State University of New York (US)
Wayne State University (US)
Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England89School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
Swansea University (GB)
Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
Digestive Disease Research Institute (IR)
Ministry of Public Health (AF)
Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, England
The University of Adelaide (AU)
Alfaisal University (SA)
United Nations Population Fund (US)
Curtin University (AU)
Deakin University (AU)
Kyung Hee University (KR)
Centre for Healthy Start Initiative (NG)
Harvard University (US)
Kosin University (KR)
Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
University of Calgary (CA)
The University of Melbourne (AU)
Universidade do Porto (PT)
Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research (IT)
University of Oxford (GB)
Erasmus MC (NL)
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
University of British Columbia (CA)
Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
Universität Ulm (DE)
Women & Children's Hospital of Buffalo (US)
Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (US)
University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
An-Najah National University (PS)
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FI)
Northumbria University (GB)
Columbia University (US)
University of Cape Town (ZA)
IMU University (MY)
South African Medical Research Council (ZA)
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
University of California, Irvine (US)
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
Cleveland Clinic (US)
Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts152WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (NG)
Urho Kaleva Kekkonen Institute (FI)
Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Royal Children's Hospital (AU)
Federal Institute for Population Research (DE)
University of Gondar (ET)
National Health Service (GB)
Northwestern University (US)
Hong Kong Jockey Club (HK)
National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (JP)
Korea University (KR)
Jackson State University (US)
Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
Corresponding author: Vos, Theo
ORCID: Kyu, Hmwe H.
Brown, Jonathan C.
Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia
Charlson, Fiona J.
Coffeng, Luc Edgar
Dandona, Lalit
Erskine, Holly E.
Ferrari, Alize J.
Fitzmaurice, Christina
Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.
Graetz, Nicholas
Guinovart, Caterina
Haagsma, Juanita
Higashi, Hideki
Kassebaum, Nicholas J.
Larson, Heidi J.
Lim, Stephen S.
Mokdad, Ali H.
Roth, Gregory A.
Serina, Peter T.
Stanaway, Jeffrey D.
Misganaw, Awoke
Whiteford, Harvey A.
Wolock, Timothy M.
Abd-Allah, Foad
Abera, Semaw Ferede
Abu-Raddad, Laith J.
AlBuhairan, Fadia S.
Amare, Azmeraw T.
Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.
Barker-Collo, Suzanne L.
Barrero, Lope H.
Benjet, Corina
Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.
Bikbov, Boris
Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A.
Catalá-López, Ferrán
Chowdhury, Rajiv
Cooper, Cyrus
Crump, John A.
Dandona, Rakhi
Degenhardt, Louisa
Dharmaratne, Samath D.
Faraon, Emerito Jose A.
Feigin, Valery L.
Fürst, Thomas
Geleijnse, Johanna M.
Gessner, Bradford D.
Gibney, Katherine B.
Goto, Atsushi
Gunnell, David
Hankey, Graeme J.
Hay, Roderick J.
Hornberger, John C.
Hu, Guoqing
Jacobsen, Kathryn H.
Jayaraman, Sudha P.
Jeemon, Panniyammakal
Jonas, Jost B.
Karch, André
Kim, Daniel
Kim, Sungroul
Kokubo, Yoshihiro
Kumar, G. Anil
Larsson, Anders
Leasher, Janet L.
Leung, Ricky
Li, Yongmei
Lipshultz, Steven E.
Lotufo, Paulo A.
Lyons, Ronan A.
Malekzadeh, Reza
Melaku, Yohannes Adama
Memish, Ziad A.
Miller, Ted R.
Mock, Charles N.
Murray, Joseph
Nolte, Sandra
Oh, In-Hwan
Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola
Ortblad, Katrina F.
Park, Eun-Kee
Patten, Scott B.
Patton, George C.
Pereira, David M.
Perico, Norberto
Piel, Frédéric B.
Polinder, Suzanne
Popova, Svetlana
Pourmalek, Farshad
Quistberg, D. Alex
Remuzzi, Giuseppe
Rodriguez, Alina
Rothenbacher, Dietrich
Rothstein, David H.
Sanabria, Juan
Santos, Itamar S.
Schwebel, David C.
Sepanlou, Sadaf G.
Shaheen, Amira
Shiri, Rahman
Shiue, Ivy
Skirbekk, Vegard
Sliwa, Karen
Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.
Stein, Dan J.
Steiner, Timothy J.
Stovner, Lars Jacob
Sykes, Bryan L.
Tabb, Karen M.
Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman
Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna
Vasankari, Tommi
Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy
Weiderpass, Elisabete
Werdecker, Andrea
Wilkinson, James D.
Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret
Wolfe, Charles D. A.
Yano, Yuichiro
Yip, Paul
Yonemoto, Naohiro
Yoon, Seok-Jun
Younis, Mustafa Z.
Yu, Chuanhua
Naghavi, Mohsen
Murray, Christopher J. L.
Vos, Theo
Venue: JAMA Pediatrics
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2016-03-01
Volume: 170
Issue: 3
Pages: 267
ISSN: 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
2168-6203
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4276
PMC: PMC5076765
OpenAlex: W2258831804
Semantic Scholar: 8d2b3b28c99d2b3265b24b9a903c3e33dfebdde0
Cited by: 618
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 38
FWCI: 91.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
HZI (Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University) (submittedVersion)
UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Own your potential (DEAKIN) (submittedVersion)
eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) (submittedVersion)
Hacettepe University Institutional Repository (hacettepe.edu.tr) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
George Mason University
United Nations Population Fund
Wayne State University
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Harvard University
School of Medicine, Wayne State University
University of Washington
Case Western Reserve University
Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
University of Otago
Virginia Commonwealth University
Nova Southeastern University
Wellcome Trust (089963/Z/09/Z, 089963)
University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust
Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust/Institute of Cancer Research
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS
National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0512-10165, NF-SI-0510-10060, RP-PG-0407-10184, NF-SI-0508-10082, NF-SI-0513-10085, NF-SI-0512-10068)
British Heart Foundation (RG/08/014/24067)
University of Southampton
Imperial College London
King's College London
University of Oxford
University of Bristol
Swansea University
Public Health Foundation of India
Universität Heidelberg
University of New South Wales
Deakin University
Monash University
Curtin University of Technology
Kosin University
Soonchunhyang University
Kyung Hee University
Central South University
University of Toronto
Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
Mittuniversitetet
Hacettepe Üniversitesi
Universidade de São Paulo
Universidade do Porto
Uppsala Universitet
University of Peradeniya
Universität Ulm
Mekelle University
Tokyo Women's Medical University
Rede de Química e Tecnologia
Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde
Alfaisal University
Children's Hospital of Michigan
Genentech
University at Buffalo
Medical Research Council (MR/L003120/1, MR/K006525/1, MC_UU_12011/1, MC_PC_13043)
Economic and Social Research Council (ES/L007444/1)
Wageningen University and Research
National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre
School of Public Health, Imperial College London
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007093)
University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus
Colorado School of Public Health
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Global Maternal and Child Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Health and Epidemiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
Keywords: child mortality, adolescent mortality, disease burden, injuries, lower respiratory tract infection, diarrheal disease, road traffic injuries, iron deficiency anemia, HIV/AIDS, measles, hepatitis B, prevalence trends, global health disparities, verbal autopsy, cause-specific mortality, disability-adjusted life years, years of life lost
MeSH terms: Child Health, Adolescent Health, Adolescent, Bayes Theorem, Child, Child, Preschool, Developing Countries, Female, Humans, Male, Global Health, Wounds and Injuries, Prevalence, Cost of Illness, Developed Countries, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Child Mortality, Public Health Surveillance

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