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Comparison of Health, Development, Maternal Bonding, and Poverty Among Children Born After Denial of Abortion vs After Pregnancies Subsequent to an Abortion
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Evidence indicates that there are potential health, development, and maternal bonding consequences for children born from unwanted pregnancies. Objective: To examine the association of women receiving or being denied a wanted abortion with their children's health and well-being. Design, Setting, and Participants: A 5-year longitudinal observational study with a quasi-experimental design conducted between January 18, 2008, and January 25, 2016, examined women who received abortions just under the gestational age limit of 30 abortion facilities across the United States and women who were denied abortion just beyond the gestational age limit in these facilities. Analyses compared the children of 146 women who were denied an abortion (index children) with children born to 182 women who received an abortion and had a subsequent child within 5 years (subsequent children). Interview-to-interview retention averaged 94.5% (6895 of 7293) across the 11 semi-annual interviews. Exposures: Being born after denial of abortion vs after a new pregnancy subsequent to an abortion. Main Outcomes and Measures: Perinatal outcomes and child health, child development, maternal bonding, socioeconomics, and household structure. Results: This study included 328 women who had children during the study period (mean [SD] age at study recruitment, 23.7 [4.9] years). There were no differences by study group in consent to participate in the study, completion of first interview, or continuation in the study. Among the 328 children in the study (146 index children and 182 subsequent children), there were 163 girls and 165 boys. Perinatal and child health outcomes were not different between subsequent and index children, and there was no clear pattern of delayed child development. However, mixed-effects models adjusting for clustered recruitment and multiple observations per child revealed that poor maternal bonding was more common for index children compared with subsequent children (9% vs 3%; adjusted odds ratio, 5.14; 95% CI, 1.48-17.85). Index children lived in households with lower incomes relative to the federal poverty level than did subsequent children (101% vs 132% of federal poverty level; adjusted regression coefficient, -0.31; 95% CI, -0.52 to -0.10), and were more likely to live in households without enough money to pay for basic living expenses (72% vs 55%; adjusted odds ratio, 5.16; 95% CI, 2.34-11.40). Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that access to abortion enables women to choose to have children at a time when they have more financial and emotional resources to devote to their children.
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“Third, we relied on a maternal-reported measure of bonding difficulties for which mean levels were relatively low (but similar to other studies; Foster et al. 2018; Kerstis et al. 2016) and that focuses on maternal perceptions rather than dyadic relationships.”
From Longitudinal associations between prenatal internalizing symptoms and mindfulness traits with postnatal bonding difficulties. (2025) · cites this paper as Foster et al. 2018
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“Despite conclusive evidence that induced abortion is 58 safe and effective(2), and is associated with a host of positive outcomes for the pregnant person(1) and their 59 families (3-8), many countries continue to restrict access to abortion.”
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BackgroundInfluentialThe Economic Consequences of Being Denied an Abortion
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BackgroundResultDenial of legal abortion in Nepal
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“Specifically, children born to women who were denied an abortion are more likely to have poor maternal bonding [32, 35], lower mean development scores, and increased risk of living in poverty [34].”
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“Being denied a wanted abortion is associated with anxiety and low self-esteem, decreased workforce participation, decreased financial security, decreased educational attainment, and decreased maternal bonding.(70,71) Abortion restrictions are associated with increased maternal mortality.”
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“…research also indicates that abortion restrictions impose significant financial burdens on healthcare systems (Lattof et al. 2020; Nehme et al. 2023), while also exerting a profound impact on individuals and households (Levin et al. 2009; Foster et al. 2018a; Miller, Wherry, and Foster 2023).”
Current Reproductive Health Policy and Outcomes in the United States
Dahl, C. M., & Heuser, C. C. (2025) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2024.12.010 · Cited by 4
Malat, J., Johns‐Wolfe, E., Smith, T. C., Shields, G. S., Jacquez, F., & Slavich, G. M. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105320963210 · Cited by 4
“For example, women with an intended pregnancy seek prenatal care earlier (Kost and Lindberg, 2015), are more likely to breastfeed their infant (Kost and Lindberg, 2015), and may more strongly bond with their child (Foster et al., 2018).”
BackgroundEthical Care for Patients with Self-Managed Abortion After Roe
Manns‐James, L., Pfeifer, K., & Gillmor-Kahn, M. (2022) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.naj.0000911524.68698.ea · Cited by 4
Edwards, A. L. (2025) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.70028 · Cited by 3
Woodruff, K., Wingo, E. E., Berglas, N. F., & Roberts, S. C. M. (2021) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-021-03235-y · Cited by 3
Protect and Control: Coverture's Logics Across Welfare Policy and Abortion Law
Downey, M. M., Daniel, C., McGlynn‐Wright, A., & Haugeberg, K. (2023) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843231186320 · Cited by 3
“As abortion becomes more dif fi cult to access and people are forced to carry pregnancies to term, low-income women are disproportionately burdened and TANF or WIC enrollments may increase (Foster et al., 2018).”
BackgroundImpact of COVID-19 among women seeking abortion services in Nepal: results from a longitudinal study
Magar, A. A., Puri, M. C., Karki, S., Maharjan, D. C., Murro, R., & Foster, D. G. (2025) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-025-01705-1 · Cited by 2
“Previous work has also shown that unwanted births can reduce parents ability to care for existing children, lead to worse socioeconomic outcomes and increase risk of living in poverty with insufficient resources to cover food, housing, and transportation [48].”
Self-citationPrenatal care utilization in pregnant women who consider but do not have abortions
Toscano, M. A., Wood, J. L. M., Spielman, S. C., Ferri, R. L., Whaley, N. S., & Seligman, N. S. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04343-x · Cited by 2
Disi, E. S., Okpaise, O. O., Akpanobong, M.-A., Eyinfunjowo, S. O., Ukwandu, S., & Alabintei, M. O. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.29906 · Cited by 2
“found that unwanted children were raised in homes with incomes 31% lower than the federal poverty level and did not have enough funds for basic needs [17].”
BackgroundRestricting abortion access in the USA: implications for child and adolescent health
Kumar, M. M., & Borzutzky, C. (2022) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(22)00285-1 · Cited by 2
Mekonnen, B. D., Vasilevski, V., Geleto, A. B., & Sweet, L. P. (2024) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-05036-y · Cited by 2
“Literature has shown that children born to mothers with unintended pregnancies had less secure mother-to-child attachment during infancy, poor preventive and curative care, and poor behavioural and educational outcomes than women with intended pregnancies [12, 16, 17].”
BackgroundHenley, C., Jenner, E., Richardson, B. A., Falk, G., Leger, R., & Heffron, R. A. (2022) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2022.09.135 · Cited by 2
Reproductive rights are not a political issue, they are a healthcare issue
Kruse, D. E., Houk, J. L., Minkemeyer, V. M., Thomas, S. P., & Jaffe, T. A. (2023) · Clinical Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2023.02.003 · Cited by 2
Denial of abortion rights as a form of ill-treatment or torture
Pérez‐Sales, P., & López-Martin, S. (2024) · Torture Journal · doi:10.7146/torture.v34i3.152020 · Cited by 2
Perceived Impact of the Overturning of Roe v. Wade on Queer Parents’ Reproductive and Sexual Lives
Goldberg, A. E., Silvert, L. W., & Charlton, B. M. (2024) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-024-01032-0 · Cited by 1
“The consequences of being denied a wanted abortion are well established and include an elevated risk of raising a child in poverty, staying in an abusive relationship, poorer child developmental outcomes, and unmet life goals (Foster et al., 2018a, 2018b).”
Foster, D. G., Murro, R., Rocca, C. H., Dahlkamp, V. S., & Puri, M. C. (2026) · The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia · doi:10.1016/j.lansea.2026.100831 · Cited by 1
“2 Although Nepal has seen major improvements in child mortality over the past two decades, child health, nutrition, and development indicators remain poor, with wide socioeconomic disparities.”
Self-citationMiller, M. K., Lindley, A. R., West, J. D., Thayer, E. K., & Godfrey, E. M. (2022) · Journal of Communications In Healthcare · doi:10.1080/17538068.2022.2150166 · Cited by 1
What Is the Impact of Having an Abortion on People’s Mental Health?
Biggs, M. A., & Foster, D. G. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-61453-8_4 · Cited by 1
Self-citationPrenatal representations link pregnancy intention to observed caregiving
Bailes, L. G., Fleming, B., Ford, J. A., Macfarlane, M., Carrow, C., Zeanah, C. H., & Humphreys, K. L. (2024) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2024.2424927 · Cited by 2
“Prior research indicates that non-intended pregnancies are associated with lower bonding or affiliation with their infant (Foster et al., 2018; Shreffler et al., 2021).”
The role of paediatrics in the abortion debate
Adams, S. Y., Henner, N., & Watson, K. (2022) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.16600 · Cited by 1
Adynski, G., Bravo, L., Harris, M., Adynski, H., Zaragoza, S., Ikharo, E., Harris, L. K. K., & Lackey, C. (2022) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104342 · Cited by 1
Maternal and Infant Health Inequities, Reproductive Justice and COVID Addressed in RACE Series
Ford, C. L., Walker, V. P., Crear-Perry, J., & Gipson, J. D. (2022) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ed.32.4.351 · Cited by 1
Self-citationColorado’s Parental Notification Law For Abortion Care Affects Many Thousands of Young PeoplePreprint
Root, L., Coleman‐Minahan, K., & Stevenson, A. J. (2023) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/rvc6q · Cited by 1
Abortion Restrictions and Intimate Partner Violence in the Dobbs Era
Dave, D., Durrance, C. P., Erten, B., Wang, Y., & Wolfe, B. L. (2025) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w33916 · Cited by 1
Medical Education for Safe Abortion Services in Nepal
Rajbhandari, S., Kumar, R. J., & Khanal, S. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108884709.029
Italian Experience of Mother-Infant Bonding Disorders
Brenna, V., Bramante, A., & Brockington, I. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91832-3_13
Otolaryngologists and Reproductive Rights
Yalamanchi, P., Faucett, E. A., & Shuman, A. G. (2023) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1002/ohn.371
Metadata
- Authors
- Foster, D. G., Biggs, M. A., Raifman, S., Gipson, J., Kimport, K., & Rocca, C. H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Foster, Diana Greene
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2018-11-01
- Volume
- 172
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1053
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- 2168-6203
- PMC
- PMC6248140
- OpenAlex
- W2892333483
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 7.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Global Maternal and Child Health
- Keywords
- unwanted pregnancy, maternal bonding, child development, child health, perinatal outcomes, household poverty, household composition, subsequent pregnancy, gestational age limits, abortion clinics, child well-being, maternal mental health, maternal anxiety, maternal stress, maternal substance use, maternal education, maternal income
- MeSH terms
- Abortion Applicants, Abortion, Induced, Adolescent, Adult, Child Development, Child Welfare, Family Planning Services, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Object Attachment, Poverty, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Pregnancy, Unwanted, United States, Young Adult
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