Cited by 146Health disparities and outcomesMental Health Treatment and AccessEmployment and Welfare Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Associations Between Subjective Social Status and DSM-IV Mental Disorders: Results From the World Mental Health Surveys

Open access

Scott, Kate M., Al-Hamzawi, Ali Obaid, Andrade, Laura H., Borges, Guilherme, Caldas-de-Almeida, Jose Miguel, Fiestas, Fabian, Gureje, Oye, Hu, Chiyi, Karam, Elie G., Kawakami, Norito, Lee, Sing, Levinson, Daphna, Lim, Carmen C. W., Navarro-Mateu, Fernando, Okoliyski, Michail, Posada-Villa, Jose, Torres, Yolanda, Williams, David R., Zakhozha, Victoria, Kessler, Ronald C.·2014·JAMA Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1337PMC PMC5315238

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

IMPORTANCE: The inverse social gradient in mental disorders is a well-established research finding with important implications for causal models and policy. This research has used traditional objective social status (OSS) measures, such as educational level, income, and occupation. Recently, subjective social status (SSS) measurement has been advocated to capture the perception of relative social status, but to our knowledge, there have been no studies of associations between SSS and mental disorders. OBJECTIVES: To estimate associations of SSS with DSM-IV mental disorders in multiple countries and to investigate whether the associations persist after comprehensive adjustment of OSS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Face-to-face cross-sectional household surveys of community-dwelling adults in 18 countries in Asia, South Pacific, the Americas, Europe, and the Middle East (N=56,085). Subjective social status was assessed with a self-anchoring scale reflecting respondent evaluations of their place in the social hierarchies of their countries in terms of income, educational level, and occupation. Scores on the 1 to 10 SSS scale were categorized into 4 categories: low (scores 1-3), low-mid (scores 4-5), high-mid (scores 6-7), and high (scores 8-10). Objective social status was assessed with a wide range of fine-grained objective indicators of income, educational level, and occupation. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed the 12-month prevalence of 16 DSM-IV mood, anxiety, and impulse control disorders. RESULTS: The weighted mean survey response rate was 75.2% (range, 55.1%-97.2%). Graded inverse associations were found between SSS and all 16 mental disorders. Gross odds ratios (lowest vs highest SSS categories) in the range of 1.8 to 9.0 were attenuated but remained significant for all 16 disorders (odds ratio, 1.4-4.9) after adjusting for OSS indicators. This pattern of inverse association between SSS and mental disorders was significant in 14 of 18 individual countries, and in low-, middle-, and high-income country groups but was significantly stronger in high- vs lower-income countries. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Significant inverse associations between SSS and numerous DSM-IV mental disorders exist across a wide range of countries even after comprehensive adjustment for OSS. Although it is unclear whether these associations are the result of social selection, social causation, or both, these results document clearly that research relying exclusively on standard OSS measures underestimates the steepness of the social gradient in mental disorders.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1337

Cites

30 of 30 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Untitled work
(1992) · PubMed · Cited by 33,716
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire
Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700021644 · Cited by 5,637
Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy, White women.
Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586 · Cited by 5,080
The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)
Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.168 · Cited by 4,771
Self-citation
Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis
Lorant, V. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf182 · Cited by 2,603
Individualism-collectivism and personality
Triandis, H. C. (2001) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.696169 · Cited by 2,589
The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects Our Health and Longevity
Marmot, M. G. (2004) · Cited by 1,021
Subjective social status: its determinants and its association with measures of ill-health in the Whitehall II study
Singh‐Manoux, A., Adler, N. E., & Marmot, M. G. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00131-4 · Cited by 1,005
Does Subjective Social Status Predict Health and Change in Health Status Better Than Objective Status?
Singh‐Manoux, A., Marmot, M. G., & Adler, N. E. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000188434.52941.a0 · Cited by 958

Show all 30 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

[18]McLeod JD Social stratification and inequality Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health 2013 Springer 229 253

Sorted by citations

Mental disorders among college students in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys
Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Axinn, W. G., Cuijpers, P., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hwang, I., Kessler, R. C., Liu, H., Mortier, P., et al. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716001665 · Cited by 1,587
Self-citation
Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys
Evans-Lacko, S., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bruffaerts, R., Chiu, W. T., Florescu, S., de Girolamo, G., Gureje, O., et al. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717003336 · Cited by 781
“…are known to predict treatment (Andrade et al. 2014) and because SES is known to be inversely related to these disorder characteristics (Scott et al. 2014), making it important to control adequately for these characteristics to obtain accurate estimates of effects of SES on treatment.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Social Inequalities and Depressive Symptoms in Adults: The Role of Objective and Subjective Socioeconomic Status
Hoebel, J., Maske, U., Zeeb, H., & Lampert, T. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169764 · Cited by 267
Messung des subjektiven sozialen Status in der Gesundheitsforschung mit einer deutschen Version der MacArthur Scale
Hoebel, J., Müters, S., Kuntz, B., Lange, C., & Lampert, T. (2015) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-015-2166-x · Cited by 224
Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with natural and human-made disasters in the World Mental Health Surveys
Bromet, E. J., Atwoli, L., Kawakami, N., Navarro‐Mateu, F., Piotrowski, P., King, A. J., Aguilar‐Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Bunting, B., Demyttenaere, K., et al. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716002026 · Cited by 211
Self-citation
Mental Well-Being (Depression, Loneliness, Insomnia, Daily Life Fatigue) during COVID-19 Related Home-Confinement—A Study from Poland
Bartoszek, A., Walkowiak, D., Bartoszek, A., & Kardas, G. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17207417 · Cited by 175
Service Use and Unmet Needs for Substance Use and Mental Disorders in Canada
Urbanoski, K. A., Inglis, D., & Veldhuizen, S. (2017) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743717714467 · Cited by 149
Association of Adult Depression With Educational Attainment, Aspirations, and Expectations
Cohen, A. K., Nussbaum, J., Weintraub, M. R., Nichols, C. R., & Yen, I. H. (2020) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd17.200098 · Cited by 102
Adolescents’ perceptions of family social status correlate with health and life chances: A twin difference longitudinal cohort study
Rivenbark, J. G., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Danese, A., Fisher, H. L., Moffitt, T. E., Rasmussen, L. J. H., Russell, M. A., & Odgers, C. L. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1820845116 · Cited by 95
Income inequality and the developing child: Is it all relative?
Odgers, C. L. (2015) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0039836 · Cited by 95
Claims for sickness and disability benefits owing to mental disorders in the UK: trends from 1995 to 2014
Viola, S., & Moncrieff, J. (2016) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.002246 · Cited by 78
Racial and ethnic differences in individual-level and area-based socioeconomic status and 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders
Chen, R., Kessler, R. C., Sadikova, E., NeMoyer, A., Sampson, N. A., Álvarez, K., Vilsaint, C. L., Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., Jackson, J. S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.09.006 · Cited by 71
Self-citation
Citizenship as Privilege and Social Identity
Gee, G. C., Morey, B. N., Walsemann, K. M., Ro, A. E., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2016) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764216632834 · Cited by 68
An Odd Ladder to Climb: Socioeconomic Differences Across Levels of Subjective Social Status
Andersson, M. A. (2017) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-017-1559-7 · Cited by 67
The effect of subjective social status on depressive thinking: An experimental examination
Schubert, T., Süssenbach, P., Schäfer, S. J., & Euteneuer, F. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.081 · Cited by 56
Posttraumatic stress disorder associated with unexpected death of a loved one: Cross-national findings from the world mental health surveys
Atwoli, L., Stein, D. J., King, A., Petukhova, M. V., Aguilar‐Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Bromet, E. J., de Girolamo, G., Demyttenaere, K., Florescu, S., et al. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22579 · Cited by 53
Self-citation
Brief Report: Subjective Social Mobility and Depressive Symptoms in Syrian Refugees to Germany
Euteneuer, F., & Schäfer, S. J. (2018) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-018-0692-y · Cited by 42
Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with life-threatening motor vehicle collisions in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys
Stein, D. J., Karam, E. G., Shahly, V., Hill, E. D., King, A., Petukhova, M., Atwoli, L., Bromet, E. J., Florescu, S., Haro, J. M., et al. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0957-8 · Cited by 40
Self-citation
Subjective social status and inequalities in depressive symptoms: a gender-specific decomposition analysis for South Africa
Mutyambizi, C., Booysen, F., Stornes, P., & Eikemo, T. A. (2019) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-019-0996-0 · Cited by 39
Challenges for Low-Income Children in an Era of Increasing Income Inequality
Odgers, C. L., & Adler, N. E. (2017) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12273 · Cited by 41
Subjective Social Status Predicts Late-Life Memory Trajectories through Both Mental and Physical Health Pathways
Zahodne, L. B., Kraal, A. Z., Zaheed, A. B., & Sol, K. (2018) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000487304 · Cited by 38
Adolescents’ Subjective Social Status Predicts Day‐to‐Day Mental Health and Future Substance Use
Russell, M. A., & Odgers, C. L. (2019) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12496 · Cited by 35
Relative wealth, subjective social status, and their associations with depression: Cross-sectional, population-based study in rural Uganda
Smith, M. L., Kakuhikire, B., Baguma, C., Rasmussen, J. D., Perkins, J. M., Cooper‐Vince, C. E., Venkataramani, A. S., Ashaba, S., Bangsberg, D. R., & Tsai, A. C. (2019) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100448 · Cited by 35
Self‐esteem and peer‐perceived social status in early adolescence and prediction of eating pathology in young adulthood
Smink, F. R. E., van Hoeken, D., Dijkstra, J. K., Deen, M. L., Oldehinkel, A. J., & Hoek, H. W. (2018) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22875 · Cited by 34
Resilience to mental disorders in a low-income, non-Westernized setting
Scott, K. M., Zhang, Y., Chardoul, S., Ghimire, D. J., Smoller, J. W., & Axinn, W. G. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720001464 · Cited by 34
Self-citation
Subjective Social Status, Perceived Academic Competence, and Academic Achievement Among Underrepresented Students
Loeb, E. L., & Hurd, N. M. (2017) · Journal of College Student Retention Research Theory & Practice · doi:10.1177/1521025117696821 · Cited by 34
Examining individual social status using the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status: Findings from the Born in Bradford study
Moss, R. H., Kelly, B., Bird, P. K., & Pickett, K. E. (2023) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101463 · Cited by 38
The relationship between perceived income inequality, adverse mental health and interpersonal difficulties in UK adolescents
Pi‐Sunyer, B. P., Andrews, J. L., Orben, A. C., Speyer, L. G., & Blakemore, S. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13719 · Cited by 32
Subjective Social Status and Psychological Distress in Mothers of Young Children
Michelson, N., Riis, J. L., & Johnson, S. B. (2016) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-016-2027-8 · Cited by 36
Factors associated with depression and anxiety symptoms among children seeking treatment for obesity: A social‐ecological approach
Sheinbein, D. H., Stein, R. I., Hayes, J. F., Brown, M. L., Balantekin, K. N., Kolko, R. P., Saelens, B. E., Perri, M. G., Welch, R. R., Schechtman, K. B., et al. (2019) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12518 · Cited by 30
Unique brain endothelial profiles activated by social stress promote cell adhesion, prostaglandin E2 signaling, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis modulation, and anxiety
Yin, W., Swanson, S. P., Biltz, R. G., Goodman, E. J., Gallagher, N. R., Sheridan, J. F., & Godbout, J. P. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01434-x · Cited by 30
Some reflections on He Ara Oranga (HAO): Report of the government inquiry into mental health and addiction
Scott, K. M. (2019) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867419872810 · Cited by 29
Self-citation
Subjektiver sozialer Status. MacArthur-Skalen zur Erfassung des wahrgenommenen sozialen Status im sozialen Umfeld (SSS-U) und in Deutschland (SSS-D)
Euteneuer, F., Süssenbach, P., Schäfer, S. J., & Rief, W. (2014) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000371558 · Cited by 28
The Status Dynamics of Role Blurring in the Time of COVID-19
Schieman, S., & Badawy, P. J. (2020) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/2378023120944358 · Cited by 26
Social inequality, scientific inequality, and the future of mental illness
Dean, C. E. (2017) · Philosophy Ethics and Humanities in Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13010-017-0052-x · Cited by 27
Effects of dominance and prestige based social status on competition for attentional resources
Roberts, A., Palermo, R., & Visser, T. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39223-0 · Cited by 20
Effective Treatment for Mental and Substance Use Disorders in 21 Countries
Vigo, D., Stein, D. J., Harris, M., Kazdin, A. E., Viana, M. C., Munthali, R. J., Munro, L., Hwang, I. H., Kessler, T. L., Manoukian, S. M., et al. (2025) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.4378 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
The Relative Deprivation Trap: How Feeling Deprived Relates to Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Nadler, J., Day, M. V., Beshai, S., & Mishra, S. (2020) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2020.39.10.897 · Cited by 29
Subjective social status, objective social status, and substance use among individuals with serious mental illnesses
Langlois, S., Zern, A., Anderson, S., Ashekun, O., Ellis, S., Graves, J., & Compton, M. T. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113352 · Cited by 19
Subjective social status via mediation of childhood parenting is associated with adulthood depression in non-clinical adult volunteers
Hayashida, T., Higashiyama, M., 作田, 慶., Masuya, J., Ichiki, M., Kusumi, I., & Inoue, T. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.061 · Cited by 19
Hormonal contraceptives as disruptors of competitive behavior: Theoretical framing and review
Arthur, L. C., Casto, K. V., & Blake, K. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101015 · Cited by 20
Does Low Subjective Social Status Predict Cognitive Decline in Chinese Older Adults? A 4-Year Longitudinal Study From Hong Kong
Kim, J. H., Sumerlin, T. S., Goggins, W. B., Kwong, E., Leung, J. C. S., Yu, B. W. M., & Kwok, T. C. Y. (2021) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2021.01.014 · Cited by 18
Combined effects of education level and perceived social class on self-rated health and life satisfaction: Results of Korean labor and income panel study wave 8-wave 15
Kim, J., Yoo, K., Park, E., Lee, S. G., & Kim, T. H. (2015) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-015-0375-5 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
A systematic review of income and education reporting in psychedelic clinical trials
Grossman, D. H., Madden, K. R., Mehtani, N. J., Anderson, B. T., Davis, L. L., Mitchell, J., & Hendricks, P. S. (2025) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-025-00417-3 · Cited by 17
Spouse's subjective social status predicts older adults’ prospective cognitive functioning
Zhang, F., Fung, H. H.-L., & Kwok, T. C. Y. (2017) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1406449 · Cited by 16
Subjective social status mobility and mental health of asylum seekers and refugees: Population-based, cross-sectional study in a German federal state
Costa, D., Biddle, L., Mühling, C., & Bozorgmehr, K. (2020) · Journal of Migration and Health · doi:10.1016/j.jmh.2020.100020 · Cited by 16
Subjective social status in places that don’t matter: geographical inequalities in France and Germany
Vigna, N. (2023) · European Societies · doi:10.1080/14616696.2022.2163276 · Cited by 16
Complex effects of childhood abuse, affective temperament, and subjective social status on depressive symptoms of adult volunteers from the community
Higashiyama, M., Hayashida, T., 作田, 慶., Fujimura, Y., Masuya, J., Ichiki, M., Tanabe, H., Kusumi, I., & Inoue, T. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s209100 · Cited by 16
Social stress and risk of declining cognition: a longitudinal study of men and women in the United States
Lindert, J., Paul, K. C., Lachman, M. E., Ritz, B. R., & Seeman, T. E. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02089-7 · Cited by 17
How Ethnic Minority Context Alters the Risk for Developing Mental Health Disorders and Psychological Distress for Latinx Young Adults
Alegria, M. M., Cruz-Gonzalez, M. A., Álvarez, K., CANINO, G. J., Duarte, C. S., Bird, H., Ramos-Olazagasti, M. A., Markle, S. L., O’Malley, I. S., Vila, D. M. U., et al. (2022) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12552 · Cited by 14
Epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective cohort study based on multiple nationwide Swedish registers of 4.6 million people
Rahman, S. G., Zammit, S., Dalman, C., & Hollander, A. (2022) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2311 · Cited by 14
The Impact of Subjective and Objective Social Status on Depression in a Cohort of Graduate-Level Students
Vidal, C., Brown, W., & Lilly, F. R. W. (2018) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2018.65021 · Cited by 14
Barriers to mental health services utilisation in Portugal – results from the National Mental Health Survey
Silva, M., Antunes, A., Lopes, S. A., Cardoso, G., Xavier, M., Saraceno, B., & Caldas‐de‐Almeida, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2020.1739249 · Cited by 19
Self-citation
The influence of childhood abuse and prenatal intimate partner violence on childbirth experiences and breastfeeding outcomes
Do, H. P., Vo, T. V., Murray, L., Baker, P., Murray, A. L., Valdebenito, S., Eisner, M., Tran, B. X., Luong-Thanh, B.-Y., Nguyen, H. L., et al. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105743 · Cited by 13
Socioeconomic status as the strongest predictor of self-rated health in Iranian population; a population-based cross-sectional study
Abdollahpour, I., Mooijaart, S. P., Aguilar‐Palacio, I., Salimi, Y., Nedjat, S., Mansournia, M. A., & de Courten, M. (2019) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109775 · Cited by 13
Moderated moderation modelling of subjective social status, pocket money and depressive symptoms of university students in Ghana
Quansah, F., Srem‐Sai, M., Agormedah, E. K., Ankomah, F., Hagan, J. E., & Schack, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1325441 · Cited by 12
Social rank modulates methamphetamine-seeking in dominant and subordinate male rodents via distinct dopaminergic pathways
Deng, X., Xu, W., Liu, Y., Jing, H., Zhong, J., Sun, K., Zhou, R., Xu, L., Wu, X., Zhang, B., et al. (2025) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01951-0 · Cited by 14
Effects of perceived social status and discrimination on hope and empowerment among individuals with serious mental illnesses
Langlois, S., Pauselli, L., Anderson, S., Ashekun, O., Ellis, S., Graves, J., Zern, A., Gaffney, E., Shim, R. S., & Compton, M. T. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112855 · Cited by 13
Psychiatric Epidemiology
de Vries, Y. A., Bos, E. H., Roest, A. M., & de Jonge, P. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_89-1 · Cited by 12
Subjective social status is associated with happiness but not weight status or psychological distress: An analysis of three prospective birth cohorts from low- and middle-income countries
Varghese, J. S., Waford, R., Adair, L. S., Patel, S. A., Martorell, R., Belleza, D., Kroker-Lobos, M. F., Lee, N. R., Nyati, L. H., Ramírez‐Zea, M., et al. (2022) · Wellbeing Space and Society · doi:10.1016/j.wss.2022.100115 · Cited by 11
The Prevalence of Symptomatology and Risk Factors in Mental Health in Mexico: The 2016–17 ENCODAT Cohort
Medina‐Mora, M. E., Mendoza, A. D. G., Velázquez, J. A. V., Bustos-Gamiño, M. N., Fleiz, C., Camarena, B., Martínez‐Magaña, J. J., & Nicolini, H. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043109 · Cited by 11
Socioeconomic position over the life-course and subjective social status in relation to nutritional status and mental health among Guatemalan adults
Varghese, J. S., Waford, R., DiGirolamo, A. M., Martorell, R., Ramírez‐Zea, M., & Stein, A. D. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100880 · Cited by 11
Oral Morphine as an Alternative Substitution Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder, a Rare but Non-risk-free Use
Bertin, C., Bezin, J., Chenaf, C., Delorme, J., Kerckhove, N., Pariente, A., Tournier, M., & Authier, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.893590 · Cited by 11
The epidemiology of ICD ‐11 bodily distress disorder and DSM ‐5 somatic symptom disorder in new large‐scale population surveys within the World Mental Health Survey Initiative
Gureje, O., Guzman, M. L. R. D., Khaled, S. M., Ni, M. Y., Woodruff, P. W. R., Reed, G. M., Wong, C. S. M., Leung, C. M. C., Crisostomo, M. E., Borowski, S. C., et al. (2025) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21353 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
The mediating role of psychological flexibility in the relationship between psychotic symptom severity and depression in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia
Yıldız, E., & Yıldırım, Ö. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.13040 · Cited by 10
Network analysis of interpersonal conflict, emotional exhaustion and psychological distress among mental health nurses in the workplace: a cross-sectional survey
Qiu, F., Li, Y., Zhou, C., Sun, Y., Li, J., & Tang, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1559351 · Cited by 10
The relationship between mental disorders and actual and desired subjective social status
de Vries, Y. A., ten Have, M., de Graaf, R., van Dorsselaer, S., Ruiter, N. M. P. D., & de Jonge, P. (2019) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796019000805 · Cited by 10
Mediation and moderated mediation in the relationships among income condition, depression, cognition and residence among older adults in China
Yuan, M., Fu, H., Han, Y., Chen, J., & Fang, Y. (2020) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.13987 · Cited by 10
The Association Between Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Resting-State Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation Is Modified by Self-Reported Physical Activity: Results From The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing
McDowell, C. P., Newman, L., Monroe, D. C., O’Connor, J. D., Knight, S. P., Kenny, R. A., & Herring, M. P. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glab090 · Cited by 10
Subjective SES is Associated with Children’s Neurophysiological Response to Auditory Oddballs
Anwyl-Irvine, A. L., Dalmaijer, E. S., Quinn, A. J., Johnson, A., & Astle, D. E. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex Communications · doi:10.1093/texcom/tgaa092 · Cited by 8
High-level of anxiety and depressive symptoms among patients with general medical conditions and community residents: a comparative study
Misgan, E., & Belete, H. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03336-6 · Cited by 9
Climate change distress and impairment in Germany
König, L., Breves, P. L., Linnemann, G. A., Hamer, T., & Suhr, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1432881 · Cited by 9
Deconstructing the social determinants of mental health
Gureje, O. (2024) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21168 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Protocol for the Implementation and Assessment of “MoodUP”: A Stepped Care Model Assisted by a Digital Platform to Accelerate Access to Mental Health Care for Cancer Patients Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic
Frasquilho, D., Matias, R., Grácio, J., Sousa, B., Luís-Ferreira, F., Leal, J., Cardoso, F., & Oliveira-Maia, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094629 · Cited by 8
Prevalence of antenatal depression and associated factors among pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic in North Shewa zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia
Amare, N. S., Gessesse, D. N., Solomon, Y., Mekuriyaw, A. M., Tizazu, M. A., Menalu, M. M., Taye, B. T., & Mekonnen, A. G. (2022) · International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijans.2022.100459 · Cited by 9
The effect of socioeconomic position in the experience of disability among people with mental disorders: findings from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative Portugal
Antunes, A., Frasquilho, D., Lopes, S. A., Silva, M., Cardoso, G., & Caldas‐de‐Almeida, J. M. (2018) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0821-1 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Depression and its associated factors: A comparison between congenital and acquired physical disabilities
Kim, A. M., & Park, J. (2023) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.1177/00912174231219037 · Cited by 7
Personalized stress optimization intervention to reduce adolescents’ anxiety: A randomized controlled trial leveraging machine learning
Liu, J., Hu, J., Qi, Y., Wu, X., & Gan, Y. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102964 · Cited by 8
Socioeconomic Disparities and Metabolic Risk in Veterans with Serious Mental Illness
Caroff, S. N., Leong, S. H., Ng‐Mak, D., Campbell, E. C., Berkowitz, R. M., Rajagopalan, K., Chuang, C.-C., & Loebel, A. D. (2017) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-017-0215-7 · Cited by 7
Subjective social status, health and well-being among older adults in China and South Korea: a cross-sectional analysis
Yan, J., Wang, Y., Yang, E., Wang, J., Lv, B., Cao, Y., & Tang, S. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081872 · Cited by 7
Contemporary Treatment Approaches to Major Depression and Bipolar Disorders
John, R. L., & Antai-Otong, D. (2016) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2016.01.015 · Cited by 7
Changes in socioeconomic position among individuals with mental disorders during the economic recession in Portugal: a follow-up of the National Mental Health Survey
Antunes, A., Frasquilho, D., Lopes, S. A., Silva, M., Cardoso, G., & Caldas‐de‐Almeida, J. M. (2018) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796018000392 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Cardiometabolic and anxiogenic consequences of chronic social defeat stress in male mice
Scott, K. A., Eikenberry, S. A., Elsaafien, K., Baumer-Harrison, C., Johnson, D. N., Sá, J. M., Bartolomucci, A., Sumners, C., Krause, E. G., & de Kloet, A. D. (2025) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2025.100752 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Prevalence of Mental Disorders in a German Kidney Transplant Population: Results of a KTx360°-Substudy
Birkefeld, K., Bauer-Hohmann, M., Klewitz, F., Tun, E.-M. K. T., Tegtbur, U., Pape, L., Schiffer, L. E., Schiffer, M., de Zwaan, M., & Nöhre, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-022-09861-0 · Cited by 7
Economic inequality and depressive symptoms: an individual versus aggregate-level analysis using Mexican survey data
Esposito, L., Villaseñor, A., & Jacobs, R. (2021) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2020-214682 · Cited by 6
Do Beliefs in Christian Nationalism Predict Mental Health Problems? The Role of Religious (Non)Involvement
Upenieks, L. (2022) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231221081641 · Cited by 4
Caregiver and Youth Inter-Rater Assessment Agreement in Autism Spectrum Disorder, Developmental Coordination Disorder, and Typical Development
Shipkova, M., Butera, C., Flores, G. D., Kilroy, E., Jayashankar, A., Harrison, L. A., Cermak, S. A., & Aziz-Zadeh, L. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3110 · Cited by 7
Negative perception of socioeconomic status with depressive mood down-regulates expression of PPBP and SLC1A7 genes in peripheral blood leukocytes
Fujita, K., Kuwano, Y., Saijo, S., Nishikawa, T., Nishida, K., & Rokutan, K. (2017) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2017.1338825 · Cited by 6
Gender differences in the association between childhood socioeconomic status and later-life depression among middle-aged and older adults in China: A chain mediation model of education level and present subjective social status
Xu, J., Jiang, X., Sun, J., Zuo, X., Cheng, F., Bobkov, A., Tian, G., Kang, Z., & Wang, L. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.04.103 · Cited by 5
Subjective Social Status and Mental Health Outcomes: The Role of Mindfulness
Heitz, H. K., & Mitchell, A. M. (2022) · Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/26320770221087248 · Cited by 5
Psychological distress, non-medical use of prescription medications, and perceived unmet mental health care needs: a cross-sectional study of Ontario students
Landry, H., Kingsbury, M. K., Hamilton, H. A., & Colman, I. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02450-y · Cited by 6
Stress-Sensitive Parental Brain Systems Regulate Emotion Response and Motivate Sensitive Child Care
Swain, J. E. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65077-7_14 · Cited by 5
Fertility predicts self-development-oriented competitiveness in naturally cycling women but not hormonal contraceptive users
Arthur, L. C., & Blake, K. R. (2022) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-022-00198-4 · Cited by 5
Prenatal subjective social status and birth weight
Goplerud, D. K., Hernandez, R. G., & Johnson, S. B. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/0167482x.2020.1864728 · Cited by 5
Social Media Use and Personal Relative Deprivation Among Urban Residents in China: A Moderated Mediation Model
Liu, Y., & Zhao, X. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15070962 · Cited by 4
Objective socioeconomic status, subjective social status, and mental disorders in Iranian mental health survey (IranMHS): A mediation analysis
Nasirpour, N., Mojtabai, R., Savari, E., Hajebi, A., Rahimi‐Movaghar, A., & Motevalian, S. A. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.12.019 · Cited by 4
Validation of the intolerance of uncertainty scale-12 in a sample of pregnant people
Costello, K., Timko, C. A., Anderson, D. A., & Hormes, J. M. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-025-07434-1 · Cited by 6
Complex effects of childhood abuse, subjective social status, and trait anxiety on presenteeism in adult volunteers from the community
Nibuya, R., Shimura, A., Masuya, J., Iwata, Y., Deguchi, A., Ishii, Y., Tamada, Y., Fujimura, Y., Tanabe, H., & Inoue, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1063637 · Cited by 7
A decline in perceived social status leads to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults half a year after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic: consideration of the mediation effect of perceived vulnerability to disease
Wang, Y., Xu, S., Chen, Y., & Liu, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1217264 · Cited by 4
Income rank and depressive symptoms among employees in Germany − A 5-year cross-lagged panel analysis
Euteneuer, F., Salzmann, S., & Süssenbach, P. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100485 · Cited by 4

Authors: Scott, K. M., Al-Hamzawi, A. O., Andrade, L. H., Borges, G., Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M., Fiestas, F., Gureje, O., Hu, C., Karam, E. G., Kawakami, N., Lee, S., Levinson, D., Lim, C. C. W., Navarro-Mateu, F., Okoliyski, M., Posada-Villa, J., Torres, Y., Williams, D. R., Zakhozha, V., & Kessler, R. C.
Affiliations: University of Otago (NZ)
University of Al-Qadisiyah (IQ)
Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (MX)
Chronic Diseases Research Center and Department of Mental Health, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
National Institute of Health of Peru, Evidence Generation Research Unit, Lima, Peru
University of Ibadan (NG)
Shenzhen KangNing Hospital (CN)
University of Balamand (LB)
The University of Tokyo (JP)
Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
Israel Ministry of Health (IL)
Subdirección General de Salud Mental y Asistencia Psiquiátrica, Servicio Murciano de Salud, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
National Center of Public Health and Analyses (BG)
Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, DC, Colombia
Universidad CES (CO)
Harvard University (US)
Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (Ukraine) (UA)
Corresponding author: Scott, Kate M.
ORCID: Scott, Kate M.
Andrade, Laura H.
Borges, Guilherme
Gureje, Oye
Karam, Elie G.
Kawakami, Norito
Lim, Carmen C. W.
Okoliyski, Michail
Torres, Yolanda
Williams, David R.
Kessler, Ronald C.
Venue: JAMA Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2014-12-01
Volume: 71
Issue: 12
Pages: 1400
ISSN: 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1337
PMC: PMC5315238
OpenAlex: W2010224574
Cited by: 146
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 11.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (044708)
John W. Alden Trust
Pfizer
GlaxoSmithKline
University of Michigan
Public Health Agency
Bundesministerium für Gesundheit
Universidade de Lisboa
Fundación para la Formación e Investigación Sanitarias de la Región de Murcia
Servicio Murciano de Salud
Fakultet Medicinskih Nauka, Univerziteta U Kragujevcu
Servier
H. Lundbeck A/S
Fundação Champalimaud
Ministerio de Salud
Ministerstwo Zdrowia
National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04, 5r01mh070884-05)
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Pfizer Foundation
Health Research Council of New Zealand
Consejería de Sanidad y Política Social, Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia
National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, R0 1-MH61905, R01‐MH070884, U01-MH-60220, R01MH061905, R01MH059575, MH60220, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA015799, R01DA016558)
Fogarty International Center (R03TW006481)
Cilag
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
Keywords: subjective social status, mental illness, objective social status, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, impulse control disorders, social selection, social causation, income, educational attainment, occupation, cross-national comparison, low- and middle-income countries, DSM-IV, Composite International Diagnostic Interview, prevalence of mental disorders, social determinants of mental health
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Social Class, Prevalence, Mood Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Associations Between Subjective Social Status and DSM-IV Mental Disorders: Results From the World Mental Health Surveys

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks