The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Associations Between Subjective Social Status and DSM-IV Mental Disorders: Results From the World Mental Health Surveys
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: The inverse social gradient in mental disorders is a well-established research finding with important implications for causal models and policy. This research has used traditional objective social status (OSS) measures, such as educational level, income, and occupation. Recently, subjective social status (SSS) measurement has been advocated to capture the perception of relative social status, but to our knowledge, there have been no studies of associations between SSS and mental disorders. OBJECTIVES: To estimate associations of SSS with DSM-IV mental disorders in multiple countries and to investigate whether the associations persist after comprehensive adjustment of OSS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Face-to-face cross-sectional household surveys of community-dwelling adults in 18 countries in Asia, South Pacific, the Americas, Europe, and the Middle East (N=56,085). Subjective social status was assessed with a self-anchoring scale reflecting respondent evaluations of their place in the social hierarchies of their countries in terms of income, educational level, and occupation. Scores on the 1 to 10 SSS scale were categorized into 4 categories: low (scores 1-3), low-mid (scores 4-5), high-mid (scores 6-7), and high (scores 8-10). Objective social status was assessed with a wide range of fine-grained objective indicators of income, educational level, and occupation. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed the 12-month prevalence of 16 DSM-IV mood, anxiety, and impulse control disorders. RESULTS: The weighted mean survey response rate was 75.2% (range, 55.1%-97.2%). Graded inverse associations were found between SSS and all 16 mental disorders. Gross odds ratios (lowest vs highest SSS categories) in the range of 1.8 to 9.0 were attenuated but remained significant for all 16 disorders (odds ratio, 1.4-4.9) after adjusting for OSS indicators. This pattern of inverse association between SSS and mental disorders was significant in 14 of 18 individual countries, and in low-, middle-, and high-income country groups but was significantly stronger in high- vs lower-income countries. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Significant inverse associations between SSS and numerous DSM-IV mental disorders exist across a wide range of countries even after comprehensive adjustment for OSS. Although it is unclear whether these associations are the result of social selection, social causation, or both, these results document clearly that research relying exclusively on standard OSS measures underestimates the steepness of the social gradient in mental disorders.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“SES is known to be inversely related to these disorder characteristics (Scott et al. 2014)”
From Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys (2018) · cites this paper as Scott et al. 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(1992) · PubMed · Cited by 33,716
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire
Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700021644 · Cited by 5,639
Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586 · Cited by 5,080
Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.168 · Cited by 4,771
Self-citationSocioeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis
Lorant, V. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf182 · Cited by 2,603
Individualism-collectivism and personality
Triandis, H. C. (2001) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.696169 · Cited by 2,589
The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects Our Health and Longevity
Marmot, M. G. (2004) · Cited by 1,021
Singh‐Manoux, A., Adler, N. E., & Marmot, M. G. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00131-4 · Cited by 1,005
Singh‐Manoux, A., Marmot, M. G., & Adler, N. E. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000188434.52941.a0 · Cited by 958
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [18]McLeod JD Social stratification and inequality Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health 2013 Springer 229 253
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mental disorders among college students in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys
Auerbach, R. P., Alonso, J., Axinn, W. G., Cuijpers, P., Ebert, D. D., Green, J. G., Hwang, I., Kessler, R. C., Liu, H., Mortier, P., et al. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716001665 · Cited by 1,587
Self-citationEvans-Lacko, S., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bruffaerts, R., Chiu, W. T., Florescu, S., de Girolamo, G., Gureje, O., et al. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717003336 · Cited by 781
“…are known to predict treatment (Andrade et al. 2014) and because SES is known to be inversely related to these disorder characteristics (Scott et al. 2014), making it important to control adequately for these characteristics to obtain accurate estimates of effects of SES on treatment.”
BackgroundSelf-citationHoebel, J., Maske, U., Zeeb, H., & Lampert, T. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169764 · Cited by 267
Hoebel, J., Müters, S., Kuntz, B., Lange, C., & Lampert, T. (2015) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-015-2166-x · Cited by 224
Bromet, E. J., Atwoli, L., Kawakami, N., Navarro‐Mateu, F., Piotrowski, P., King, A. J., Aguilar‐Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Bunting, B., Demyttenaere, K., et al. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716002026 · Cited by 211
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Scott, K. M., Al-Hamzawi, A. O., Andrade, L. H., Borges, G., Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M., Fiestas, F., Gureje, O., Hu, C., Karam, E. G., Kawakami, N., Lee, S., Levinson, D., Lim, C. C. W., Navarro-Mateu, F., Okoliyski, M., Posada-Villa, J., Torres, Y., Williams, D. R., Zakhozha, V., & Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Otago (NZ)
- University of Al-Qadisiyah (IQ)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (MX)
- Chronic Diseases Research Center and Department of Mental Health, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- National Institute of Health of Peru, Evidence Generation Research Unit, Lima, Peru
- University of Ibadan (NG)
- Shenzhen KangNing Hospital (CN)
- University of Balamand (LB)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Israel Ministry of Health (IL)
- Subdirección General de Salud Mental y Asistencia Psiquiátrica, Servicio Murciano de Salud, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
- National Center of Public Health and Analyses (BG)
- Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Bogota, DC, Colombia
- Universidad CES (CO)
- Harvard University (US)
- Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (Ukraine) (UA)
- Corresponding author
- Scott, Kate M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2014-12-01
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1400
- ISSN
- 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5315238
- OpenAlex
- W2010224574
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 11.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (044708)
- John W. Alden Trust
- Pfizer
- GlaxoSmithKline
- University of Michigan
- Public Health Agency
- Bundesministerium für Gesundheit
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Fundación para la Formación e Investigación Sanitarias de la Región de Murcia
- Servicio Murciano de Salud
- Fakultet Medicinskih Nauka, Univerziteta U Kragujevcu
- Servier
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- Fundação Champalimaud
- Ministerio de Salud
- Ministerstwo Zdrowia
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04, 5r01mh070884-05)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- Pfizer Foundation
- Health Research Council of New Zealand
- Consejería de Sanidad y Política Social, Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, R0 1-MH61905, R01‐MH070884, U01-MH-60220, R01MH061905, R01MH059575, MH60220, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA015799, R01DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (R03TW006481)
- Cilag
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- subjective social status, mental illness, objective social status, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, impulse control disorders, social selection, social causation, income, educational attainment, occupation, cross-national comparison, low- and middle-income countries, DSM-IV, Composite International Diagnostic Interview, prevalence of mental disorders, social determinants of mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Social Class, Prevalence, Mood Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
