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Associations of Parental Depression With Child School Performance at Age 16 Years in Sweden
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: Depression is a common cause of morbidity and disability worldwide. Parental depression is associated with early-life child neurodevelopmental, behavioral, emotional, mental, and social problems. More studies are needed to explore the link between parental depression and long-term child outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations of parental depression with child school performance at the end of compulsory education (approximately age 16 years). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Parental depression diagnoses (based on the International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision [ICD-8], International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision [ICD-9], and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision [ICD-10]) in inpatient records from 1969 onward, outpatient records beginning in 2001, and school grades at the end of compulsory education were collected for all children born from 1984 to 1994 in Sweden. The final analytic sample size was 1,124,162 biological children. We examined the associations of parental depression during different periods (before birth, after birth, and during child ages 1-5, 6-10, and 11-16 years, as well as any time before the child's final year of compulsory schooling) with the final school grades. Linear regression models adjusted for various child and parent characteristics. The dates of the analysis were January to November 2015. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE: Decile of school grades at the end of compulsory education (range, 1-10, with 1 being the lowest and 10 being the highest). RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 1,124,162 children, of whom 48.9% were female. Maternal depression and paternal depression at any time before the final compulsory school year were associated with worse school performance. After covariate adjustment, these associations decreased to -0.45 (95% CI, -0.48 to -0.42) and -0.40 (-0.43 to -0.37) lower deciles, respectively. These effect sizes are similarly as large as the observed difference in school performance between the lowest and highest quintiles of family income but approximately one-third of the observed difference between maternal education of 9 or less vs more than 12 years. Both maternal depression and paternal depression at different periods (before birth, after birth, and during child ages 1-5, 6-10, and 11-16 years) generally were associated with worse school performance. Child sex modified the associations of maternal depression with school performance such that maternal depression had a larger negative influence on child school performance for girls compared with boys. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Diagnoses of parental depression throughout a child's life were associated with worse school performance at age 16 years. Our results suggest that diagnoses of parental depression may have a far-reaching effect on an important aspect of child development, with implications for future life course outcomes.
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“While there are a number of criticisms about the accuracy of disability weights 215-217 it is doubtlessly true that depression is a highly burdensome condition and other studies have confirmed that the disability is experienced as one of the most severe of all health conditions.”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [217]
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Suh, B. L., Han, H., Kim, T. R., Jo, J., & Kang, M. J. (2020) · Family and environment research · doi:10.6115/fer.2020.020 · Cited by 1
“실제로 국 외 선행연구들을 통해 어머니의 우울 수준이 높을수록 자녀의 학 업성취는 저조하고(Shen et al., 2016), 문제행동의 빈도와 정도 가 증가하며 부정적인 또래관계를 보이는 것으로 밝혀지고 있다 (Wright et al., 2000).”
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“It should be noted that we considered maternal depressive symptoms across the child's lifetime from one to 18 years (Brophy et al., 2021; Shen et al., 2016).”
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“Past studies have found more parental depression to be associated with decreased school performance among their children (Silverstein et al., 2006); however, this relation within the context of caregiver trauma exposure was not explored (Shen et al., 2016).”
Hestbæk, E., Kofoed, J., Barlow, J., Thorup, A. A. E., Sleed, M., Simonsen, S., Georg, A. K., Væver, M. S., & Juul, S. (2024) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-024-02697-9 · Cited by 2
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“…and academic impairment as well as elevated rates of anxiety, depression, behavioral problems, and substance use (Hammen, 2009; Radke-Yarrow, 1998; Shen et al., 2016; Toth et al., 2009; Weissman et al., 2006), with high risk for depression, morbidity and mortality that persists into adulthood…”
BackgroundHidden Heroes - Children of Parents With Severe Mental Illness in School Practice
Havelková, A., Havelka, D., & Bartošová, K. (2022) · European Proceedings of International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology · doi:10.15405/epiceepsy.22123.16 · Cited by 1
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“…common ones (e.g., the death of kin or the loss of a mate without combat) may not have imposed enough of an infection risk to make depression beneficial to the organism or to kin, especially since kin can be adversely affected by a person’s depression (Ramchandani et al., 2005; Shen et al., 2016).”
BackgroundThe evolution of genetic bandwagoningPreprint
Solon, I. S. (2016) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/064493 · Cited by 1
“, the death of kin or the loss of a mate without combat) may not have imposed enough of an infection risk to 918 make depressive mood beneficial to the individual or to kin, especially since kin can be adversely affected by an 919 individual’s depression (Ramchandani et al., 2005; Shen et al., 2016).”
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Psychische Erkrankung und Erziehungsfähigkeit
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A szülőség és gyermekfejlődés nehezített teherbeesést követően
Hermanovszky, L., & Almássy, Z. (2024) · Gyermeknevelés Tudományos Folyóirat · doi:10.31074/gyntf.2024.3.257.275
“A hatás hosszabb távon is ér-vényesülhet, akár rosszabb iskolai teljesítményként (Shen et al., 2016), vagy a szociális és érzelmi élet nehezítésében (Mackrell et al., 2014).”
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“…did not investigate these pathways, our findings are consistent with previous studies (Lin et al., 2017; Nordmo et al., 2023; Ranning et al., 2018; Shen et al., 2016) suggesting that additional support for both second-generation immigrant children and non-immigrant school children is needed if…”
InfluentialGupta, N., & Srivastava, A. K. (2024) · ShodhKosh Journal of Visual and Performing Arts · doi:10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i1.2024.5229
“(Shen, H. et al., 2016) Parents of teenagers experiencing scholastic difficulties should be in regular communication with teachers, psychologists, and psychiatrists.”
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“Many researchers all over the world conducted studies on children’s educational out - come that was measured with academic grade or index of specific learning domain (Breslau et al. 2008; Shen et al. 2016 ; Amer et al. 2020 ; Ayano et al. 2021 ; Al-Amin et al. 2025).”
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Christoforou, A., & Ganho-Ávila, A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68127-2_877-1
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Metadata
- Authors
- Shen, H., Magnusson, C., Rai, D., Lundberg, M., Lê-Scherban, F., Dalman, C., & Lee, B. K.
- Affiliations
- Drexel University (US)
- Region Stockholm (SE)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Brian K.
- Venue
- JAMA Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2016-03-01
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 239
- ISSN
- 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2260664678
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 15.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Support in Illness
- Keywords
- parental depression, maternal depression, paternal depression, academic performance, compulsory education, family environment, socioeconomic deprivation, birth cohort, Sweden, child mental health, child behavior problems, child emotional problems, child social problems
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Depression, Fathers, Female, Humans, Infant, Learning, Male, Middle Aged, Mothers, Parents, Sex Factors, Sweden, Time Factors, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic
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