Socioeconomic Status and Health: What We Know and What We Don't

ADLER, NANCY E.; OSTROVE, JOAN M.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08101.x

Cited by 1,643Health disparities and outcomesPublic Health and Social InequalitiesEmployment and Welfare Studies

Socioeconomic Status and Health: What We Know and What We Don't

ADLER, NANCY E., OSTROVE, JOAN M.·1999·Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08101.x

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Abstract

A bstract: In the past 15 years, we have seen a marked increase in research on socioeconomic status (SES) and health. Research in the first part of this era examined the nature of the relationship of SES and health, revealing a graded association; SES is important to health not only for those in poverty, but at all levels of SES. On average, the more advantaged individuals are, the better their health. In this paper we examine the data regarding the SES‐health gradient, addressing causal direction, generalizability across populations and diseases, and associations with health for different indicators of SES. In the most recent era, researchers are increasingly exploring the mechanisms by which SES exerts an influence on health. There are multiple pathways by which SES determines health; a comprehensive analysis must include macroeconomic contexts and social factors as well as more immediate social environments, individual psychological and behavioral factors, and biological predispositions and processes.

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Authors: ADLER, N. E., & OSTROVE, J. M.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Macalester College (US)
Corresponding author: ADLER, NANCY E.
ORCID: ADLER, NANCY E.
OSTROVE, JOAN M.
Venue: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1999-12
Volume: 896
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-15
ISSN: 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
1749-6632
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08101.x
OpenAlex: W1996998435
Cited by: 1,643
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 75
FWCI: 2.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 2259 d)
Locations: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Employment and Welfare Studies
Keywords: socioeconomic status, health, socioeconomic gradient in health, causal direction, generalizability, social determinants of health, macroeconomic conditions, social environment, biological predispositions
MeSH terms: Chronic Disease, Health Status, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Income, Mortality, Poverty, Publishing, Research, Social Class, Social Environment, Models, Statistical, Health Behavior, Causality, Prevalence, Genetic Predisposition to Disease

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Socioeconomic Status and Health: What We Know and What We Don't

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