The DOI matches its Crossref record; 122 of the 122 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Burnout: An Overview of 25 Years of Research and Theorizing
Abstract
Burnout is a metaphor that is commonly used to describe a state or process of mental exhaustion, similar to the smothering of a fire or the extinguishing of a candle. The dictionary defines “to burn out” as “to fail, wear out, or become exhausted by making excessive demands on energy, strength, or resources”. As such, the experience of burnout is likely to be universal and of all times. Probably the earliest written example in which “to burn out” is related to exhaustion comes from Shakespeare, who wrote in 1599 in The Passionate Pilgrim: “She burnt with loue, as straw with fire flameth. She burnt out loue, as soon as straw out burneth” (cited in Enzmann & Kleiber, 1989, p. 18). More recently, but long before the “discovery” of burnout in professional settings, individuals who suffer from it have been portrayed in great detail. For instance, Graham Greene’s 1960 novel A Burnt-Out Case tells the sad story of the world famous architect Querry, a gloomy, spiritually tormented, cynical and disillusioned character. The most illustrious example of burnout avant-la-lettre is the case-study of a psychiatric nurse, Miss Jones, published by Schwartz & Will (1953).
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.44.3.513 · Cited by 18,187
The measurement of experienced burnout
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030020205 · Cited by 14,496
Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-0381 · Cited by 8,220
(1996) · Consulting Psychologists Press eBooks · Cited by 7,863
Freudenberger, H. J. (1974) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x · Cited by 5,463
A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout
Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1996) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.2.123 · Cited by 3,262
A Review and an Integration of Research on Job Burnout
Cordes, C. L., & Dougherty, T. W. (1993) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258593 · Cited by 2,608
Maslach, C. (1982) · Cited by 2,389
Hatfield, E. C., Walster, G. W., Berscheid, E., Austin, W. G., Traupmann, J., & Utne, M. K. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,387
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (2024) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t55656-000 · Cited by 2,359
Cited by
Burnout and work engagement among teachers
Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2005.11.001 · Cited by 3,067
Self-citationMelamed, S., Shirom, A., Toker, S., Berliner, S., & Shapira, I. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.327 · Cited by 943
Burnout and work engagement: Independent factors or opposite poles?
González-Romá, V., Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Lloret, S. (2006) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2005.01.003 · Cited by 910
Self-citationBurnout–Depression Overlap: A Review
Bianchi, R., Schonfeld, I. S., & Laurent, E. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.004 · Cited by 868
Burnout prevention: A review of intervention programs
Awa, W. L., Plaumann, M., & Walter, U. (2010) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2009.04.008 · Cited by 827
Metadata
- Authors
- Schaufeli, W. B., & Buunk, B. P.
- Venue
- The Handbook of Work and Health Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-09-27
- Pages
- 383-425
- OpenAlex
- W1586319855
- Cited by
- 665
- References
- 122
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Burnout: An Overview of 25 Years of Research and Theorizing. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/0470013400.ch19
- The paper
- Schaufeli, W. B., & Buunk, B. P. (2002). Burnout: An Overview of 25 Years of Research and Theorizing. The Handbook of Work and Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470013400.ch19
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
