Establishment, maintenance and in vitro and in vivo applications of primary human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) xenograft models for translational biology studies and drug discovery

Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways

The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07385 · Cited by 7,735

Glioma Stem Cell Lines Expanded in Adherent Culture Have Tumor-Specific Phenotypes and Are Suitable for Chemical and Genetic Screens

Pollard, S. M., Yoshikawa, K., Clarke, I. D., Danovi, D., Stricker, S., Russell, R., Bayani, J., Head, R., Lee, M., Bernstein, M., et al. (2009) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2009.03.014 · Cited by 1,025

Mammalian O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase: regulation and importance in response to alkylating carcinogenic and therapeutic agents.

Pegg, A. E. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 730

Diversity and frequency of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in human glioblastomas.

Frederick, L. A., Wang, X. Y., Eley, G. D., & James, C. D. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 661

PTEN Mutation, EGFR Amplification, and Outcome in Patients With Anaplastic Astrocytoma and Glioblastoma Multiforme

Smith, J. S., Tachibana, I., Passe, S. M., Huntley, B. K., Borell, T. J., Iturria, N. L., O'Fallon, J. R., Schaefer, P., Scheithauer, B. W., James, C. D., et al. (2001) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/93.16.1246 · Cited by 630

Induction of MGMT expression is associated with temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma xenografts

Kitange, G. J., Carlson, B. L., Schroeder, M. A., Grogan, P. T., Lamont, J. D., Decker, P. A., Wu, W., James, C. D., & Sarkaria, J. N. (2008) · Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1215/15228517-2008-090 · Cited by 387

Patient tumor EGFR and PDGFRA gene amplifications retained in an invasive intracranial xenograft model of glioblastoma multiforme

Giannini, C., Sarkaria, J. N., Saito, A., Uhm, J. H., Galanis, E., Carlson, B. L., Schroeder, M. A., & James, C. D. (2005) · Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1215/s1152851704000821 · Cited by 326

Use of an orthotopic xenograft model for assessing the effect of epidermal growth factor receptor amplification on glioblastoma radiation response

Sarkaria, J. N., Carlson, B. L., Schroeder, M. A., Grogan, P., Brown, P. D., Giannini, C., Ballman, K. V., Kitange, G. J., Guha, A., Pandita, A., et al. (2006) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2510 · Cited by 270

Genomic Changes and Gene Expression Profiles Reveal That Established Glioma Cell Lines Are Poorly Representative of Primary Human Gliomas

Li, A., Walling, J., Kotliarov, Y., Steed, M. E., Ahn, S. J., Rosenblum, M., Mikkelsen, T., Zenklusen, J. C., & Fine, H. A. (2008) · Molecular Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-0280 · Cited by 264

Contrasting in vivo and in vitro fates of glioblastoma cell subpopulations with amplified EGFR

Pandita, A., Aldape, K., Zadeh, G. M., Guha, A., & James, C. D. (2003) · Genes Chromosomes and Cancer · doi:10.1002/gcc.10300 · Cited by 212

An Injury-like Signature of the Extracellular Glioma Metabolome

Ha, Y., Rajani, K. R., Riviere-Cazaux, C., Rahman, M., Olson, I., Loron, A. G., Schroeder, M. A., Rodriguez, M., Warrington, A. E., & Burns, T. C. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16152705 · Cited by 2

Uncovering the signaling networks of disseminated glioblastoma cells in vivo with INSIGHT

Ahn, R., D’Souza, A. D., Long, L., Cui, Y., Gantchev, J. K., Baquer, G., Burgenske, D. M., Bakken, K. K., Ott, L. L., Carlson, B. L., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-76587-0 · Cited by 1

The Size of Glioblastoma Spheroids Influences Patterns of Invasion and Temozolomide Efficacy

Fok, S. K.-W., Shreesha, A., Appiah-Kubi, A. M., Riggins, R. B., & Harley, B. A. C. (2026) · Tissue Engineering Part C Methods · doi:10.1177/19373384261432672 · Cited by 1

Pharmacologic inhibition of RBBP4/p300-mediated homologous recombination activity enhances glioblastoma sensitivity to temozolomide

Mapunda, J., Laverty, D. J., Aziz, F., Le, A., Sangare, J., Zhang, L., Nagel, Z. D., French, J. B., Sarkaria, J. N., & Kitange, G. J. (2026) · Neuro-Oncology Advances · doi:10.1093/noajnl/vdag141 · Cited by 1

Pediatric and Adult Brain Tumor PDX Models

Strand, A. D., Girard, E. J., & Olson, J. M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804010-2.00015-1 · Cited by 1

Orthotopic grafts of human malignant gliomas: history, technologies, achievements and problems

Kit, O. I., Zhukova, G. V., Maksimov, A. Y., Гончарова, А. С., Rostorguev, E. E., Zhadobina, A. I., Popov, I. A., & Zlatnik, E. Y. (2020) · Medical news of the North Caucasus · doi:10.14300/mnnc.2020.15034 · Cited by 1

Orthotopic Model of Human Glioblastoma

Goryacheva, N. A. (2024) · Journal Biomed · doi:10.33647/2713-0428-20-3e-35-37 · Cited by 1

Mechanisms and analysis of the CNS distribution of cediranib, a molecularly-targeted anti-angiogenic agent.

Wang, T. (2011) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 1

Shared ligand-blocking mechanism but distinct conformational modulation by α5-targeting antibodies BIIG2 and MINT1526APreprint

Nguyen, A., Heim, J. B., Cordara, G., Chan, M. C., Johannesen, H., Charlesworth, C. M., Li, M., Azumaya, C. M., Madden, B. J., Krengel, U., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.08.631572 · Cited by 1

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic-efficacy modeling of the MDM2 inhibitor brigimadlin in glioblastoma patient-derived xenografts

Vaubel, R. A., Zhang, W., Karbhari, N., Oh, J.-H., Waller, K. L., Mladek, A., Jain, S., Burgenske, D. M., Decker, P. A., Kosel, M. L., et al. (2026) · Neuro-Oncology Advances · doi:10.1093/noajnl/vdaf259

Small Interfering RNA Imaging Probes for Neurological Applications

Ifediba, M. A. (2013) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)

In Vivo c-Met Pathway Inhibition Depletes Human Glioma Xenografts of Tumor-Propagating

Cells, S.-L., Rath, P., Lal, B., Ajala, O., Li, Y.-Q., Xia, S., Kim, J., Laterra, J., & Biotech, G. (2013)

Growth Regulation of Nervous System Tumours: Models for Assessment of Angiogenesis in Brain Tumours

Burrell, K. E., Bogdanovic, E., Jalali, S., Guha, A., & Zadeh, G. M. (2012) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/7657_2012_40

Single-cell assays using integrated continuous-flow microfluidics

Ng, E. X., Hsu, M. N., Sun, G., & Chen, C. (2019) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2019.06.014

Implications of Primary Cilia and Associated Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in Glioblastoma Biology and Therapy

Loskutov, Y. V. (2017) · The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) · doi:10.33915/etd.6113

Multiplex-inhibitor bead mass spectrometry reveals differential kinome signatures in newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastomaPreprint

Jermakowicz, A. M., Kurimchak, A., Sarkaria, J. N., Komotar, R. J., Ivan, M. E., Schürer, S. C., Duncan, J. S., & Ayad, N. G. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.09.21.306910

Complementary role of mathematical modeling in preclinical glioblastoma: differentiating poor drug delivery from drug insensitivityPreprint

Urcuyo, J. C., Massey, S. C., Hawkins-Daarud, A. J., Marin, B. M., Burgenske, D. M., Sarkaria, J. N., & Swanson, K. R. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.07.471540

The Role of BCL6 in Glioblastoma

Jones, N. M. (2018) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17072567

Supplemental Methods from Macropinocytosis of Bevacizumab by Glioblastoma Cells in the Perivascular Niche Affects their Survival

Muller-Greven, G. M., Carlin, C. R., Burgett, M. E., Ahluwalia, M. S., Lauko, A. J., Nowacki, A. S., Herting, C. J., Qadan, M. A., Bredel, M., Toms, S. A., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.22462752

Data from InsR/IGF1R Pathway Mediates Resistance to EGFR Inhibitors in Glioblastoma

Ma, Y., Tang, N., Thompson, R. C., Mobley, B. C., Clark, S. W., Sarkaria, J. N., & Wang, J. (2023) · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.c.6524027.v1

Data from A Modified Nucleoside 6-Thio-2′-Deoxyguanosine Exhibits Antitumor Activity in Gliomas

Yu, S., Wei, S., Savani, M. R., Lin, X., Du, K., Mender, I., Siteni, S., Vasilopoulos, T., Reitman, Z. J., Ku, Y., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.c.6531102.v1

Supplemental Methods from Macropinocytosis of Bevacizumab by Glioblastoma Cells in the Perivascular Niche Affects their Survival

Muller-Greven, G. M., Carlin, C. R., Burgett, M. E., Ahluwalia, M. S., Lauko, A. J., Nowacki, A. S., Herting, C. J., Qadan, M. A., Bredel, M., Toms, S. A., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.22462752.v1

Data from In Vivo Efficacy of Tesevatinib in EGFR-Amplified Patient-Derived Xenograft Glioblastoma Models May Be Limited by Tissue Binding and Compensatory Signaling

Kizilbash, S. H., Gupta, S. K., Parrish, K. E., Laramy, J. K., Kim, M., Gampa, G., Carlson, B. L., Bakken, K. K., Mladek, A. C., Schroeder, M. A., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.c.6543372

Noninvasive Biophysical Precision Therapy for Glioblastoma via Ultrasound-Induced Resonance of the NucleusPreprint

Zhu, J., Zhang, H., Cong, Z., Qi, B., Wan, X., Guo, Y., Bai, N., Zeng, X., Gen, Y., Guo, Z., et al. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5076088

A Comprehensive Methodology for Immortalizing Tumor-Infiltrating B Lymphocytes from Epithelial Cancers

Tamuli, B., & Biswas, S. (2025) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-4442-3_16

Size-dependent invasion and therapeutic phenotype of 42MGBA glioblastoma spheroidsPreprint

Fok, S. K.-W., Shreesha, A., Appiah-Kubi, A., Riggins, R. B., & Harley, B. A. C. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.09.663980

Neuroscience in China: Domestic and Foreign Experts Working Together

Montana, V., Wang, Y., Chen, Z., & Parpura, V. (2026) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70425

Neuroimmune Organoid Models Early Glioblastoma Establishment and the Invasive Niche

Yuan, N. Y., Richards, W. D., Parham, K. T., Greuel, K., Zimmermann, J. A., Shireman, J. M., Zhao, L., Dey, M., & Lebakken, C. S. (2026) · Organoids · doi:10.3390/organoids5030023

Phytochemical-mediated targeting of signaling pathways in glioblastoma: preclinical evidence, translational potential, and emerging nano-based therapeutic approaches

Islam, M. R., Rauf, A., Ogaly, H. A., Ajaj, R., & Iriti, M. (2026) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1093/jpp/rgag093

A reproducible brain tumour model established from human glioblastoma biopsies

Wang, J., Miletić, H., Sakariassen, P. Ø., Huszthy, P. C., Jacobsen, H. K., Brekkå, N., Li, X., Zhao, P., Mørk, S. J., Chekenya, M., et al. (2009) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/1471-2407-9-465 · Cited by 105

Establishment of Stereotactic Orthotopic Brain Tumor Xenografts in Mice: Technical Report

Gholamin, S., Feroze, A. H., Mitra, S. S., Kahn, S. A., & Cheshier, S. H. (2013) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.150 · Cited by 9

The development of xenograft glioblastoma implants in nude mice brain.

Brehar, F. M., Ciurea, A. V., Chivu‐Economescu, M., Zărnescu, O., Rădulescu, R., & Dragu, D. (2008) · PubMed Central · Cited by 12

Establishing Orthotopic Xenograft Glioblastoma Models for Use in Preclinical Development

Basso, J., Sereno, J., Fortuna, A. C., Castelo-Branco, M. S., & Vitorino, C. (2020) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1052-7_12 · Cited by 5

Orthotopic Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Xenografts in Mice

Xu, Z., Kader, M. E., Sen, R., & Placantonakis, D. G. (2018) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7659-1_14 · Cited by 24