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Cited by 972Smoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesPrenatal Substance Exposure Effects

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 223 of the 223 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation

Silagy, C, Lancaster, T, Stead, L, Mant, D, Fowler, G·2004·Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd000146.pub2
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The aim of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is to replace nicotine from cigarettes. This reduces withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation to help resist the urge to smoke cigarettes. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this review were to determine the effectiveness of the different forms of nicotine replacement therapy (chewing gum, transdermal patches, nasal spray, inhalers and tablets) in achieving abstinence from cigarettes; to determine whether the effect is influenced by the clinical setting in which the smoker is recruited and treated, the dosage and form of the NRT used, or the intensity of additional advice and support offered to the smoker; and to determine whether combinations of NRT are more effective than one type alone. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized trials in which NRT was compared to placebo or no treatment, or where different doses of NRT were compared. We excluded trials which did not report cessation rates, and those with follow-up of less than six months. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data in duplicate on the type of subjects, the dose and duration and form of nicotine therapy, the outcome measures, method of randomisation, and completeness of follow-up. The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months of follow-up. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence for each trial, and biochemically validated rates if available. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis using a fixed effects model. MAIN RESULTS: We identified 49 trials of nicotine gum, 32 of transdermal nicotine patch, four of intranasal nicotine spray, four of inhaled nicotine and two of nicotine sublingual tablet. Three trials compared combinations of two forms of nicotine therapy with one form alone. The odds ratio for abstinence with NRT compared to control was 1.72 (95% confidence interval 1.60 to 1.84), The odds ratios for the different forms of NRT were 1.63 for gum, 1.77 for patches, 2.27 for nasal spray, 2.08 for inhaled nicotine and 1.73 for nicotine sublingual tablet. These odds were largely independent of the intensity of additional support provided or the setting in which the NRT was offered. Eight weeks of patch therapy was as effective as longer courses and there was no evidence that tapered therapy was better than abrupt withdrawal. Wearing the patch only during waking hours (16 hours/day) was as effective as wearing it for 24 hours/day. The odds ratio for abstinence in the trials which directly compared 4 mg versus 2 mg gum in highly dependent smokers found a significant benefit in favour of 4 mg gum (odds ratio 2.67, 95% confidence interval 1.69 to 4.22). There is no strong evidence that combinations of forms of NRT are more effective. Only one study directly compared NRT against another pharmacotherapy (bupropion) and found that the latter was significantly more effective either alone or used in combination with nicotine patch than if nicotine patch was used alone. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: All of the commercially available forms of NRT (nicotine gum, transdermal patch, and in some countries, the nicotine nasal spray, nicotine inhaler and nicotine sublingual tablets) are effective as part of a strategy to promote smoking cessation. They increase quit rates approximately 1.5 to 2 fold regardless of setting. The effectiveness of NRT appears to be largely independent of the intensity of additional support provided to the smoker. Since all the trials of NRT reported so far have included at least some form of brief advice to the smoker, this represents the minimum which should be offered in order to ensure its effectiveness. Provision of more intense levels of support, although beneficial in facilitating the likelihood of quitting, is not essential to the success of NRT. There is promising evidence that bupropion may be more effective than NRT (either alone or in combination). (ABSTRACT

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  1. Blondal, 1993, Controlled trial of nicotine nasal spray as an aid to stopping smoking [abstract], European Respiratory Journal, 6 Suppl 17, 631S
  2. Bohandana, 1999, Nicotine inhaler and nicotine patch: a combination therapy for smoking cessation [abstract], Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 1, 189
  3. Campbell, 1987, Do nicotine chewing-gum and postal encouragement add to doctors' advice, Practitioner, 231, 114
  4. Campbell, 1992, Nicotine patches v placebo in 234 hospital patients, Thorax, 45, 835
  5. Croghan, 1998, Comparison of a 15 mg transdermal nicotine patch alone versus nicotine nasal spray alone versus both for smoking cessation, Journal of Addictive Diseases, 17, 121
  6. Dautzenberg, 2001, First demonstration of the good efficacy/safety ratio of Nicotinell(r) 1mg Lozenge (NL 1mg), a new form of nicotine substitution, by randomised clinical trial, European Respiratory Journal, 18 Suppl 33, 12s
  7. Abelin, 1991, Clinical experience with a transdermal nicotine system in healthy nicotine-dependent smokers, 35
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  9. Fiore, 1994, Two studies of the clinical effectiveness of the nicotine patch with different counseling treatments, Chest, 105, 524, 10.1378/chest.105.2.524 · DOI
  10. Quilez Garcia, 1993, Treatment for smoking with nicotine gum in primary care. A double blind trial, Revista Clinica Espanol, 192, 157
  11. Hays, 1997, Over-the-Counter (OTC) transdermal nicotine patch therapy [abstract], Journal of Addictive Diseases, 16, 136
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  19. Shiffman, 2002, Efficacy of a nicotine lozenge for smoking cessation, Archives of Internal Medicine, 162, 1267, 10.1001/archinte.162.11.1267 · DOI · Paper page
  20. Mikkelsen, 1994, Three-year outcome of two- and three-year sustained abstainers from a smoking cessation study with nicotine patches, Journal of Smoking-Related Disorders, 5, 95
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  28. Deeks J Higgins JPT Altman DG Analysing and presenting results: in Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook 4.2.1. [updated December 2003]: Section 8 Alderson P Green S Higgins J The Cochrane Library, Issue i, 2004 (www.cochrane.org/resources/handbook/hbook.htm) Chichester John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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  32. 1994, Nicotine replacement therapy for patients with coronary artery disease. Working Group for the Study of Transdermal Nicotine in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease, Archives of Internal Medicine, 154, 989, 10.1001/archinte.1994.00420090063007 · DOI
  33. Silagy, 1994, The effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapies in smoking cessation, Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials, Doc No 113

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Metadata

Authors
Silagy, C., Lancaster, T., Stead, L., Mant, D., & Fowler, G.
Affiliations
  • Monash Medical Centre (AU)
  • University of Oxford (GB)
  • Primary Health Care (QA)
Venue
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Publisher
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Published
2004-07-19
Volume
90
Issue
2
Pages
CD000146-CD000146
ISSN
1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1002/14651858.cd000146.pub2
OpenAlex
W2463861392
Cited by
972
References
213
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 48
Type
reference entry
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
Keywords
nicotine replacement therapy, smoking cessation, nicotine gum, nicotine patch, nicotine nasal spray, nicotine inhaler, smoking abstinence, nicotine dependence, nicotine withdrawal symptoms, tobacco control, tobacco advertising restrictions, tobacco control legislation, tobacco control enforcement
MeSH terms
Smoking Prevention, Administration, Cutaneous, Humans, Nicotine, Smoking Cessation

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