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Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes

Jamtvedt, G, Young, JM, Kristoffersen, DT, Thomson O'Brien, MA, Oxman, AD·2003·The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd000259
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Audit and feedback has been identified as having the potential to change the practice of health care professionals. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of audit and feedback on the practice of health professionals and patient outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched MEDLINE up to June 1997, the Research and Development Resource Base in Continuing Medical Education, and reference lists of related systematic reviews and articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials of audit and feedback (defined as any summary of clinical performance of health care over a specified period of time). The participants were health care professionals responsible for patient care. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality. MAIN RESULTS: Thirty-seven studies were included, involving more than 4977 physicians. The reporting of study methods was inadequate for almost all studies. In 31 out of 37 studies the randomisation process could not be determined. Information regarding data analysis was also lacking. For example, power calculations were not mentioned in 27 out of 37 studies. A variety of behaviours were targeted including the reduction of diagnostic test ordering, prescribing practices, preventive care, and the general management of a problem, for example hypertension. Twenty-eight studies measured physician performance, one study targeted patient outcomes in diabetes and the remaining eight studies measured both physician performance and patient outcomes. The relative percentage differences ranged from -16% to 152%. The clinical importance of the changes was not always clear. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Audit and feedback can sometimes be effective in improving the practice of health care professionals, in particular prescribing and diagnostic test ordering. When it is effective, the effects appear to be small to moderate but potentially worthwhile. Those attempting to enhance professional behaviour should not rely solely on this approach.

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Metadata

Authors
Jamtvedt, G., Young, J., Kristoffersen, D., Thomson O'Brien, M., & Oxman, A.
Venue
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Publisher
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Published
2003-07-21
Issue
2
Pages
CD000259-CD000259
DOI
10.1002/14651858.cd000259
OpenAlex
W4250400449
Cited by
284
References
16
Type
reference entry
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/14651858.cd000259
The paper
Jamtvedt, G., Young, J., Kristoffersen, D., Thomson O'Brien, M., & Oxman, A. (2003). Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd000259

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.