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Cited by 170Sodium Intake and HealthBlood Pressure and Hypertension StudiesRenin-Angiotensin System Studies

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Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride.

Graudal, Niels Albert, Hubeck-Graudal, Thorbjorn, Jurgens, Gesche·2011·Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd004022.pub3
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: In spite of more than 100 years of investigations the question of reduced sodium intake as a health prophylaxis initiative is still unsolved. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effects of low sodium versus high sodium intake on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), plasma or serum levels of renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides. SEARCH METHODS: PUBMED, EMBASE and Cochrane Central and reference lists of relevant articles were searched from 1950 to July 2011. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies randomizing persons to low sodium and high sodium diets were included if they evaluated at least one of the above outcome parameters. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently collected data, which were analysed with Review Manager 5.1. MAIN RESULTS: A total of 167 studies were included in this 2011 update.The effect of sodium reduction in normotensive Caucasians was SBP -1.27 mmHg (95% CI: -1.88, -0.66; p=0.0001), DBP -0.05 mmHg (95% CI: -0.51, 0.42; p=0.85). The effect of sodium reduction in normotensive Blacks was SBP -4.02 mmHg (95% CI:-7.37, -0.68; p=0.002), DBP -2.01 mmHg (95% CI:-4.37, 0.35; p=0.09). The effect of sodium reduction in normotensive Asians was SBP -1.27 mmHg (95% CI: -3.07, 0.54; p=0.17), DBP -1.68 mmHg (95% CI:-3.29, -0.06; p=0.04). The effect of sodium reduction in hypertensive Caucasians was SBP -5.48 mmHg (95% CI: -6.53, -4.43; p<0.00001), DBP -2.75 mmHg (95% CI: -3.34, -2.17; p<0.00001). The effect of sodium reduction in hypertensive Blacks was SBP -6.44 mmHg (95% CI:-8.85, -4.03; p=0.00001), DBP -2.40 mmHg (95% CI:-4.68, -0.12; p=0.04). The effect of sodium reduction in hypertensive Asians was SBP -10.21 mmHg (95% CI:-16.98, -3.44; p=0.003), DBP -2.60 mmHg (95% CI: -4.03, -1.16; p=0.0004).In plasma or serum there was a significant increase in renin (p<0.00001), aldosterone (p<0.00001), noradrenaline (p<0.00001), adrenaline (p<0.0002), cholesterol (p<0.001) and triglyceride (p<0.0008) with low sodium intake as compared with high sodium intake. In general the results were similar in studies with a duration of at least 2 weeks. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Sodium reduction resulted in a 1% decrease in blood pressure in normotensives, a 3.5% decrease in hypertensives, a significant increase in plasma renin, plasma aldosterone, plasma adrenaline and plasma noradrenaline, a 2.5% increase in cholesterol, and a 7% increase in triglyceride. In general, these effects were stable in studies lasting for 2 weeks or more.

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Metadata

Authors
Graudal, N. A., Hubeck-Graudal, T., & Jurgens, G.
Affiliations
Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
ORCID
Graudal, Niels Albert
Venue
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Publisher
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Published
2011-11-09
Issue
11
Pages
CD004022-CD004022
ISSN
1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1002/14651858.cd004022.pub3
OpenAlex
W4232450481
Cited by
170
References
208
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
Type
reference entry
Language
en
Update notices
new_version (2017-04-09)
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Renin-Angiotensin System Studies
Keywords
sodium restriction, high-salt diet, sodium intake, blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, hypertension, normotension, racial differences, cardiovascular risk reduction, renin-angiotensin system, renin-aldosterone system
MeSH terms
Aldosterone, Blood Pressure, Catecholamines, Cholesterol, Diet, Sodium-Restricted, Humans, Hypertension, Renin, Triglycerides, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Black People, White People, Asian People

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