Reduced dietary sodium intake increases heart rate. a meta-analysis of 63 randomized controlled trials including 72 study populations.
Open accessAbstract
Reduced dietary sodium intake (sodium reduction) increases heart rate in some studies of animals and humans. As heart rate is independently associated with the development of heart failure and increased risk of premature death a potential increase in heart rate could be a harmful side-effect of sodium reduction. The purpose of the present meta-analysis was to investigate the effect of sodium reduction on heart rate. Relevant studies were retrieved from an updated pool of 176 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in the period 1973-2014. Sixty-three of the RCTs including 72 study populations reported data on heart rate. In a meta-analysis of these data sodium reduction increased heart rate with 1.65 beats per minute [95% CI: 1.19, 2.11], p < 0.00001, corresponding to 2.4% of the baseline heart rate. This effect was independent of baseline blood pressure. In conclusion sodium reduction increases heart rate by as much (2.4%) as it decreases blood pressure (2.5%). This side-effect, which may cause harmful health effects, contributes to the need for a revision of the present dietary guidelines.
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The model's result that a decrease in blood pressure is accompanied by an increase in heart rate is in line with the fact that sodium reduction can increase heart rate.
“Such dynamics is in line with the fact that sodium reduction can increase heart rate (Graudal et al., 2016).”
From Thoroughly Calibrated Modular Agent-Based Model of the Human Cardiovascular and Renal Systems for Blood Pressure Regulation in Health and Disease (2021) · cites this paper as Graudal et al., 2016
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
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- Authors
- Graudal, N. A., Hubeck-Graudal, T., & Jürgens, G.
- Affiliations
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Graudal, Niels A.
- ORCID
- Graudal, Niels A.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Physiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2016-03-24
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 111-111
- ISSN
- 1664-042X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4805644
- OpenAlex
- W2335260985
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 0.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- dietary sodium reduction, heart rate, blood pressure, sodium intake, heart failure risk, cardiovascular mortality, dietary guidelines
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