The DOI matches its Crossref record; 289 of the 292 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Viral epidemics or pandemics of acute respiratory infections like influenza or severe acute respiratory syndrome pose a global threat. Antiviral drugs and vaccinations may be insufficient to prevent their spread. OBJECTIVES: To review the effectiveness of physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched The Cochrane Library, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2010, Issue 3), which includes the Acute Respiratory Infections Group's Specialised Register, MEDLINE (1966 to October 2010), OLDMEDLINE (1950 to 1965), EMBASE (1990 to October 2010), CINAHL (1982 to October 2010), LILACS (2008 to October 2010), Indian MEDLARS (2008 to October 2010) and IMSEAR (2008 to October 2010). SELECTION CRITERIA: In this update, two review authors independently applied the inclusion criteria to all identified and retrieved articles and extracted data. We scanned 3775 titles, excluded 3560 and retrieved full papers of 215 studies, to include 66 papers of 67 studies. We included physical interventions (screening at entry ports, isolation, quarantine, social distancing, barriers, personal protection, hand hygiene) to prevent respiratory virus transmission. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cohorts, case-controls, before-after and time series studies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used a standardised form to assess trial eligibility. We assessed RCTs by randomisation method, allocation generation, concealment, blinding and follow up. We assessed non-RCTs for potential confounders and classified them as low, medium and high risk of bias. MAIN RESULTS: We included 67 studies including randomised controlled trials and observational studies with a mixed risk of bias. A total number of participants is not included as the total would be made up of a heterogenous set of observations (participant people, observations on participants and countries (object of some studies)). The risk of bias for five RCTs and most cluster-RCTs was high. Observational studies were of mixed quality. Only case-control data were sufficiently homogeneous to allow meta-analysis. The highest quality cluster-RCTs suggest respiratory virus spread can be prevented by hygienic measures, such as handwashing, especially around younger children. Benefit from reduced transmission from children to household members is broadly supported also in other study designs where the potential for confounding is greater. Nine case-control studies suggested implementing transmission barriers, isolation and hygienic measures are effective at containing respiratory virus epidemics. Surgical masks or N95 respirators were the most consistent and comprehensive supportive measures. N95 respirators were non-inferior to simple surgical masks but more expensive, uncomfortable and irritating to skin. Adding virucidals or antiseptics to normal handwashing to decrease respiratory disease transmission remains uncertain. Global measures, such as screening at entry ports, led to a non-significant marginal delay in spread. There was limited evidence that social distancing was effective, especially if related to the risk of exposure. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Simple and low-cost interventions would be useful for reducing transmission of epidemic respiratory viruses. Routine long-term implementation of some measures assessed might be difficult without the threat of an epidemic.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“We found no RCTs of nose disinfection, or disinfection of living quarters, as described in observational studies reported in Jefferson 2011.”
From Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses (2023) · cites this paper as Jefferson 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Also based on observational studies, Jefferson 2011 found a protective effect of wearing surgical masks with hygienic measures compared to not wearing masks in the SARS 2003 outbreak (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.39).”
From Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses (2023) · cites this paper as Jefferson 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Two reports (three trials) identified in Jefferson 2011 studied the effect of virucidal tissues compared to placebo or no tissues (Farr 1988a; Farr 1988b; Longini 1988).”
From Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses (2023) · cites this paper as Jefferson 2011
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In this 2022 update, we again focused on RCTs and cluster‐RCTs, providing a higher level of evidence compared with the previous version of the review, which also meta‐analysed observational studies when appropriate (Jefferson 2011).”
From Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses (2023) · cites this paper as Jefferson 2011
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There was some additional but very limited supportive evidence from the cohort studies in Jefferson 2011.”
From Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses (2023) · cites this paper as Jefferson 2011
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Items 201–289 of 289
[Hand-hygiene and sickness among small children attending day care centers. An intervention study].
Ladegaard, M. B., & Stage, V. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 37
Mason, E. A., Tronc, G., Nones, K., Matigian, N., Kim, J., Aronow, B. J., Wolfinger, R. D., Wells, C. A., & Gibson, G. C. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014479 · Cited by 37
Hayden, G. F., Hendley, J. O., & Gwaltney, J. M. (1985) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/152.2.403 · Cited by 36
Suess, T., Remschmidt, C., Schink, S. B., Luchtenberg, M., Haas, W., Krause, G., & Buchholz, U. (2011) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268810003006 · Cited by 36
Can We Prevent Influenza-like Illnesses by Gargling?
Kitamura, T., Satomura, K., Kawamura, T., Yamada, S., Takashima, K., Suganuma, N., Namai, H., Komura, Y., & for The Great Cold Investigators-I (2007) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.46.0104 · Cited by 36
A randomized trial of the efficacy of hand disinfection for prevention of rhinovirus infection
Turner, R. B., Fuls, J. L., Rodgers, N. D., Goldfarb, H. B., Lockhart, L. K., & Aust, L. B. (2012) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cis201 · Cited by 35
Chami, K., Gavazzi, G., Bar‐Hen, A., Carrat, F., de Wazières, B., Lejeune, B., Armand, N., Rainfray, M., Hajjar, J., Piette, F., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.04.008 · Cited by 34
jian, H., Wang, H. W., Fang, L., Jiang, J. F., Wei, M.-T., Liu, W., Zhao, Q., Ma, J., & Cao, W.-C. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 33
Cohorting of infants with respiratory syncytial virus
Doherty, J. A., Brookfield, D. S. K., Gray, J., & McEwan, R. A. (1998) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/s0195-6701(98)90275-4 · Cited by 33
Shittu, A. O., Udo, E. E., & Lin, J. (2009) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/1471-2334-9-10 · Cited by 33
Carbonell-Estrany, X., Bont, L., Doering, G., Gouyon, J., & Lanari, M. (2008) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-008-0520-8 · Cited by 32
Kaewchana, S., Simmerman, M., Somrongthong, R., Suntarattiwong, P., Lertmaharit, S., & Chotipitayasunondh, T. (2011) · Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1010539510393728 · Cited by 32
Alcohol‐based hand‐disinfection reduced children's absence from Swedish day care centers
Lennell, A., Kühlmann‐Berenzon, S., Geli, P., Hedin, K., Petersson, C., Cars, O., Mannerquist, K., BURMAN, L. G., Fredlund, H., & the Study Group (2008) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01057.x · Cited by 31
Spared an influenza pandemic for another year?
Bonn, D. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)62175-7 · Cited by 31
Yen, M., Lu, Y.-C., Huang, P.-H., Chen, C.-M., Chen, Y., & Lin, Y. E. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3109/00365540903582400 · Cited by 31
Erasmus, V., Huis, A. M. P., Oenema, A., van Empelen, P., Boog, M. C., van Beeck, E. H., Polinder, S., Steyerberg, E. W., Richardus, J. H., Vos, M. D., et al. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-721 · Cited by 30
Effectiveness of a Handwashing Program
Day, R., Arnaud, S. S., & Monsma, M. (1993) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/105477389300200104 · Cited by 30
Prevention of Nosocomial Transmission of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in a Newborn Nursery
Snydman, D. R., Greer, C., Meissner, H. C., et al. (1988) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.2307/30144162 · Cited by 30
Association Between School Closure and Subsequent Absenteeism During a Seasonal Influenza Epidemic
Rodriguez, C. V., Rietberg, K., Baer, A., Kwan-Gett, T. S., & Duchin, J. S. (2009) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181b5f3ec · Cited by 29
Chai, L. Y. A., Ng, T. M., Habib, A. G., Singh, K. S., Kumarasinghe, G., & Tambyah, P. A. (2005) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/427150 · Cited by 29
Handwashing Makes a Difference
Monsma, M., Day, R., & Arnaud, S. S. (1992) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.1992.tb06031.x · Cited by 28
Wilder‐Smith, A., & Low, J. G. H. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 28
Chen, Y., & Chiang, L. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.01665.x · Cited by 28
Broderick, M. P., Hansen, C. J., & Russell, K. L. (2008) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/592711 · Cited by 24
Daugherty, E. L. (2008) · Respiratory Care · doi:10.4187/respcare.08530201 · Cited by 24
Health Impact of Hospital Restrictions on Seriously Ill Hospitalized Patients
Stukel, T. A., Schull, M. J., Guttmann, A., Alter, D. A., Li, P., Vermeulen, M. J., Manuel, D. G., & Zwarenstein, M. (2008) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e3181792525 · Cited by 24
Evaluation of measures to reduce international spread of SARS
Glass, K., & Becker, N. G. (2006) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268806005863 · Cited by 24
Body Temperature Monitoring and SARS Fever Hotline, Taiwan
Kaydos‐Daniels, S. C., Olowokure, B., Chang, H.-J., Barwick, R. S., Deng, J., Lee, M., Kuo, S. H.-S., Su, I., Chen, K., Maloney, S. A., et al. (2004) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1002.030748 · Cited by 23
Cai, W., Schweiger, B., Buchholz, U., Buda, S., Littmann, M., Heusler, J., & Haas, W. (2009) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/1471-2334-9-170 · Cited by 23
Safety of influenza vaccines in children
Jefferson, T., Smith, S., Demicheli, V., Harnden, A., & Rivetti, A. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67204-2 · Cited by 21
Self-citationTo mask or not to mask: a note on the 1918 Spanish influenza epidemic in Tucson.
Luckingham, B. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 21
McKenzie, J. E., Priest, P. C., Audas, R., Poore, M. R., Brunton, C. R., & Reeves, L. M. (2010) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-7 · Cited by 20
EFFICACY OF VIRUCIDAL NASAL TISSUES IN INTERRUPTING FAMILIAL TRANSMISSION OF RESPIRATORY AGENTS
Longini, I. M., & Monto, A. S. (1988) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115011 · Cited by 20
Seale, H., Corbett, S. J., Dwyer, D. E., & MacIntyre, C. R. (2009) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1086/599254 · Cited by 19
Chaovavanich, A., Wongsawat, J., Dowell, S. F., Inthong, Y., Sangsajja, C., Sanguanwongse, N., Martin, M. T., Limpakarnjanarat, K., Likanonsakul, S., Waicharoen, S., et al. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 19
Assessment of in-flight transmission of SARS--results of contact tracing, Canada.
Flint, J., Burton, S., Macey, J. F., Deeks, S. L., Tam, T., King, A., Bodie-Collins, M., Naus, M., MacDonald, D., McIntyre, C., et al. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 18
The probability of failing in detecting an infectious disease at entry points into a country
Dell'Omodarme, M., & Prati, M. C. (2005) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.2131 · Cited by 17
Training To Ensure Healthy Child Day-Care Programs
Kendrick, A. S. (1994) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.94.6.1108 · Cited by 17
Apisarnthanarak, A., Apisarnthanarak, P., Cheevakumjorn, B., & Mundy, L. M. (2009) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1086/599773 · Cited by 16
Hand washing decreases risk of colds and flu.
Carter, J. M. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 16
Chau, J. P. C., Thompson, D. R., Twinn, S. F., Lee, D., López, V., & Ho, L. S. Y. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 15
Does use of an instant hand sanitizer reduce elementary school illness absenteeism?
Gore, J. R., & Lambert, J. A. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 14
Surgical Masks vs N95 Respirators for Preventing Influenza
Bitar, R. A. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.193 · Cited by 14
Prevention of nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infection
O'Callaghan, C. A., Sherman, C., Madge, P., Paton, J. Y., McColl, J. H., & Mackie, P. L. K. (1993) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)90049-m · Cited by 14
Goel, S., Gupta, A. K., Singh, A., & Lenka, S. R. (2007) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2007.02.015 · Cited by 13
Wen, Z., Lu, J., Li, J., Li, N., Zhao, J., Wang, J., Yu, L., & Yang, W. (2010) · Aerobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10453-010-9160-4 · Cited by 13
Wang, J.-X., Feng, H.-Y., Liu, D., Zhang, Z., Shan, A.-L., Zhu, X.-J., Gao, Z., Wang, X., Xia, Y.-Y., & Chen, Q. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 13
Ou, J., Dun, Z., Li, Q., Qin, A.-L., & Zeng, G. Q. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 13
Bauer, G., Bossi, L., Santoalla, M., Rodríguez, S., Fariña, D., & Speranza, A. (2009) · PubMed · doi:10.1590/s0325-00752009000200004 · Cited by 12
Physician handwashing: what do parents want?
Stoner, M. J., Cohen, D. M., Fernandez, S., & Bonsu, B. K. (2006) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2006.10.007 · Cited by 12
Apisarnthanarak, A., Uyeki, T. M., Puthavathana, P., Kitphati, R., & Mundy, L. M. (2010) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1086/656565 · Cited by 12
STOPFLU: is it possible to reduce the number of days off in office work by improved hand-hygiene?
Savolainen‐Kopra, C., Haapakoski, J., Peltola, P. A., Ziegler, T. T., Korpela, T., Anttila, P., Amiryousefi, A., Huovinen, P., Huvinen, M., Noronen, H., et al. (2010) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-69 · Cited by 11
Gaydos, J. C. (2001) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(01)00332-4 · Cited by 11
Sizun, J., Baron, R., Soupre, D., Giroux, J., & DEPARSCAU, L. (1996) · Archives de Pédiatrie · doi:10.1016/0929-693x(96)87097-7 · Cited by 11
Beyond Semmelweis: Moving Infection Control into the Community
Weber, J. T., & Hughes, J. M. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-5-200403020-00016 · Cited by 11
Daniels, T. L., & Talbot, T. R. (2010) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/650395 · Cited by 11
Ks, K., Kee, W. D. N., Tam, Y., Wong, M. K., & Lee, S. W. Y. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 11
Respiratorisches Syncytial-Virus (RSV)-Infektion: Massnahmen beim immunsupprimierten Patienten
Hirsch, H. H., Steffen, Francioli, & Widmer (2006) · Praxis · doi:10.1024/0369-8394.95.3.61 · Cited by 10
Wang, H. W., He, J., Zhang, P. H., Tang, F., Wang, T. B., Luan, Y.-H., Lv, H., Cao, Z.-Y., Wu, X., Zhao, Q., et al. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 10
Virus permeability of protective gloves used in medical practice.
Marin, J., Dragas, A. Z., & Mavsar, B. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 10
Safiulin, A. A. (1972) · PubMed · Cited by 10
Recent Patents on Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Zhai, S., Liu, W. Y., & Yan, B. (2007) · Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery · doi:10.2174/157489107779561698 · Cited by 9
Efecto del cierre de las escuelas sobre el brote de influenza A H1N1 en Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
Orellano, P. W., Grassi, A., Reynoso, J. I., Palmieri, A. P., Uez, O. C., & Carlino, O. (2010) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.1590/s1020-49892010000300010 · Cited by 9
Surgical Masks vs N95 Respirators for Preventing Influenza
Clynes, N. D. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.194 · Cited by 8
Use of disposable face masks for public health protection against SARS.
Lange, J. H. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 8
Microbial challenge studies—a challenge worth accepting
Jefferson, T. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67079-1 · Cited by 8
Self-citationKosugi, Y., ISHIKAWA, T., Chimura, Y., ANNAKA, M., SHIBAZAKI, S., Adachi, K., Higuchi, H., Shinkai, T., Sadamasu, K., Masuda, Y., et al. (2004) · Kansenshogaku zasshi · doi:10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.78.995 · Cited by 8
Pang, X., Liu, D.-L., Gong, X., Xu, F., Liu, Z.-J., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., Jiao, X.-R., Ling-yan, S., & Gao, G.-H. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 8
Nosocomial Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Better Quality of Evidence Is Needed
Hugonnet, S., Legros, D., Roth, C. E., & Pessoa-Silva, C. L. (2007) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/523725 · Cited by 7
Aiello, A. E., Coulborn, R. M., Pérez, V., Davis, B. M., Uddin, M., Murray, G. F., Shay, D. K., Waterman, S. H., & Monto, A. S. (2010) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.2201 · Cited by 7
[Prevention of adenovirus infection and antiviral activity of a hand disinfectant, Welpas].
Ueno, T., & Saijo, K. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 7
HANDWASHING PRECAUTIONS TAKEN BY RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS FOR SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME
Prasad, G. V. R., Nash, M. M., & Zaltzman, J. S. (2004) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/01.tp.0000131946.36777.06 · Cited by 6
Jiang, S., Huang, L., Wang, J., Wu, W., Yin, S., Chen, W., Zhan, J., Li, Y., Chen, X.-L., Li, J., et al. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 6
[Breast feeding for prevention of viral acute respiratory diseases in infants].
Wilczyński, J., Torbicka, E., Brzozowska-Binda, A., & Szymańska, U. A. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 6
Han, H., Li, X., Qu, W. Y., Shen, T., Xu, F., Gao, D., Sun, Z. Q., & Xiao, K. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 6
Can antiviral tissues prevent the spread of colds?
(2004) · PubMed · Cited by 6
Shute, N. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 5
(2005) · PubMed · Cited by 5
Government strategy on dementia will emphasise early diagnosis
Eaton, L. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b367 · Cited by 4
MacIntyre, C. R. (2010) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/ebm1043 · Cited by 4
Efficacy of Hand Hygiene Products Against Pandemic H1N1 Influenza
(2010) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2010.04.179 · Cited by 4
(2010) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2010.04.022 · Cited by 4
How long is a cold contagious? Is there any way to prevent transmitting a cold?
(2005) · PubMed · Cited by 4
Cantagalli, M. R., Alvim, V. F., de Andrade, E. C., & Leite, I. C. G. (2009) · Revista de APS · Cited by 4
[Pandemic influenza: nonpharmaceutical protective measures in ambulatory care].
Mielke, M. E. A., & Nassauer, A. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 3
Persistence Factors in Handwashes
(2010) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2010.04.019 · Cited by 3
Tucker, M. J., Berg, C. J., Callaghan, W. M., & Hsia, J. (2007) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.114900 · Cited by 2
García, M. C. (2010) · FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/s1134-2072(10)70149-3 · Cited by 1
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 292 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Farr, 1988, Two randomised controlled trials of virucidal nasal tissues in the prevention of natural upper respiratory infection, American Journal of Epidemiology, 128, 1162, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115059 · DOI
- Turner, 2004, Efficacy of organic acids in hand cleansers for prevention of rhinovirus infections, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 48, 2595, 10.1128/AAC.48.7.2595-2598.2004 · DOI
- Anonymous, 2002, Antiseptic skin cleansers may prevent rhinovirus transmission, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 34, ii
- Bauer, 2009, Impacto de un programa de prevención de infecciones respiratorias en lactantes prematuros de alto riesgo: estudio prospectivo y multicéntrico, Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria, 107, 111
- Garcia, 2010, The protection against influenza provided by surgical masks is not inferior to what the FFP2 (N95) respiratory protector can give, FMC Formacion Medica Continuada en Atencion Primaria, 17, 365
- Heymann, 2009, School closure may be effective in reducing transmission of respiratory viruses in the community, Epidemiology and Infection, 137, 1369, 10.1017/S0950268809002556 · DOI
- Khan, 2000, Stage II Conducting the review: Phase 5: Study quality assessment, 2.5.1
- Kitamura, 2007, Can we prevent influenza-like illnesses by gargling?, Japanese Society of Internal Medicine, 46, 1623, 10.2169/internalmedicine.46.0104 · DOI
- Lefebvre, 2009, Chapter 6: Searching for studies
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chu, D. K., Akl, E. A., Duda, S., Solo, K., Yaacoub, S., Schünemann, H. J., Chu, D. K., Akl, E. A., El-harakeh, A., Bognanni, A., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31142-9 · Cited by 3,843
Loveday, H. P., Wilson, J. A., Pratt, R. J., Golsorkhi, M., Tingle, A., Bak, A., Browne, J., Prieto, J. A., & Wilcox, M. H. (2013) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/s0195-6701(13)60012-2 · Cited by 1,634
An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19
Howard, J., Huang, A., Li, Z., Tüfekçi, Z., Ždímal, V., van der Westhuizen, H., von Delft, A., Price, A. I., Fridman, L., Tang, L., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2014564118 · Cited by 1,577
Transmissibility and transmission of respiratory viruses
Leung, N. H. L. (2021) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00535-6 · Cited by 890
Recognition of aerosol transmission of infectious agents: a commentary
Tellier, R., Li, Y., Cowling, B. J., & Tang, J. W.-T. (2019) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-019-3707-y · Cited by 745
Metadata
- Authors
- Jefferson, T., Del Mar, C. B., Dooley, L., Ferroni, E., Al-Ansary, L. A., Bawazeer, G. A., van Driel, M. L., Nair, N. S., Jones, M. A., Thorning, S., & Conly, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Bond University; Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice (CREBP); University Drive Gold Coast Queensland Australia 4229
- Bond University (AU)
- Regione del Veneto (IT)
- World Health Organization; Department of Health Metrics and Measurement; Geneva Switzerland
- King Saud University (SA)
- The University of Queensland; Primary Care Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine; Brisbane Queensland Australia 4029
- Government of India (IN)
- Gold Coast Hospital (AU)
- Foothills Medical Centre (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-07-06
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- CD006207-CD006207
- ISSN
- 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-1858
- PMC
- PMC8094623
- OpenAlex
- W1534533078
- Cited by
- 805
- References
- 292
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 135 · 2020: 191 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 4.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- new_version (2020-11-20)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Bond University Research Portal (Bond University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infection Control in Healthcare
- Keywords
- physical interventions, respiratory virus transmission, acute respiratory infections, face masks, hand hygiene, social distancing, quarantine, isolation, personal protection, gargling, influenza, SARS, COVID-19 pandemic, pandemic preparedness, infection control, non-pharmaceutical interventions, harms of interventions, randomized controlled trials
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Influenza, Human, Respiratory Tract Infections, Virus Diseases, Case-Control Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Virus Shedding
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
