CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 768School Health and Nursing EducationAdolescent Health and BehaviorsPublic Health Policies and Education

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 463 of the 465 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The WHO Health Promoting School framework for improving the health and well-being of students and their academic achievement

Open access
Langford, Rebecca, Bonell, Christopher P, Jones, Hayley E, Pouliou, Theodora, Murphy, Simon M, Waters, Elizabeth, Komro, Kelli A, Gibbs, Lisa F, Magnus, Daniel, Campbell, Rona·2014·Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd008958.pub2PMC PMC11214127
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization's (WHO's) Health Promoting Schools (HPS) framework is an holistic, settings-based approach to promoting health and educational attainment in school. The effectiveness of this approach has not been previously rigorously reviewed. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of the Health Promoting Schools (HPS) framework in improving the health and well-being of students and their academic achievement. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the following electronic databases in January 2011 and again in March and April 2013: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Campbell Library, ASSIA, BiblioMap, CAB Abstracts, IBSS, Social Science Citation Index, Sociological Abstracts, TRoPHI, Global Health Database, SIGLE, Australian Education Index, British Education Index, Education Resources Information Centre, Database of Education Research, Dissertation Express, Index to Theses in Great Britain and Ireland, ClinicalTrials.gov, Current controlled trials, and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. We also searched relevant websites, handsearched reference lists, and used citation tracking to identify other relevant articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included cluster-randomised controlled trials where randomisation took place at the level of school, district or other geographical area. Participants were children and young people aged four to 18 years, attending schools or colleges. In this review, we define HPS interventions as comprising the following three elements: input to the curriculum; changes to the school's ethos or environment or both; and engagement with families or communities, or both. We compared this intervention against schools that implemented either no intervention or continued with their usual practice, or any programme that included just one or two of the above mentioned HPS elements. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: At least two review authors identified relevant trials, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias in the trials. We grouped different types of interventions according to the health topic targeted or the approach used, or both. Where data permitted, we performed random-effects meta-analyses to provide a summary of results across studies. MAIN RESULTS: We included 67 eligible cluster trials, randomising 1443 schools or districts. This is made up of 1345 schools and 98 districts. The studies tackled a range of health issues: physical activity (4), nutrition (12), physical activity and nutrition combined (18), bullying (7), tobacco (5), alcohol (2), sexual health (2), violence (2), mental health (2), hand-washing (2), multiple risk behaviours (7), cycle-helmet use (1), eating disorders (1), sun protection (1), and oral health (1). The quality of evidence overall was low to moderate as determined by the GRADE approach. 'Risk of bias' assessments identified methodological limitations, including heavy reliance on self-reported data and high attrition rates for some studies. In addition, there was a lack of long-term follow-up data for most studies.We found positive effects for some interventions for: body mass index (BMI), physical activity, physical fitness, fruit and vegetable intake, tobacco use, and being bullied. Intervention effects were generally small but have the potential to produce public health benefits at the population level. We found little evidence of effectiveness for standardised body mass index (zBMI) and no evidence of effectiveness for fat intake, alcohol use, drug use, mental health, violence and bullying others; however, only a small number of studies focused on these latter outcomes. It was not possible to meta-analyse data on other health outcomes due to lack of data. Few studies provided details on adverse events or outcomes related to the interventions. In addition, few studies included any academic, attendance or school-related outcomes. We therefore cannot draw any clear conclusions as to the effectiveness of this approach for improving academic achievement. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review provide evidence for the effectiveness of some interventions based on the HPS framework for improving certain health outcomes but not others. More well-designed research is required to establish the effectiveness of this approach for other health topics and academic achievement.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/14651858.cd008958.pub2

Cites

463 of 463 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 465 references

2 of the 465 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 25

  1. Benner, 2008, Safer Choices: a high-school based program to prevent STIs, HIV, and pregnancy, 323
  2. Caballero B Introduction: obesity prevention in American Indian schoolchildren: the Pathways study American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999 745 6s
  3. Colín-Ramírez, 2009, Impact of a school-based intervention for cardiovascular risk factors prevention (RESCATE) on physical activity and diet in Mexican children aged 8-10 years, Revista Española de Nutrición Comunitaria, 15, 71
  4. Vries, 2006, Challenges to the peer influence paradigm: results for 12-13 year olds from six European countries from the European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach study, Tobacco Control, 15, 83, 10.1136/tc.2003.007237 · DOI
  5. Vries, 2006, The European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach (ESFA): effects after 24 and 30 months, Health Education Research, 21, 116, 10.1093/her/cyh048 · DOI
  6. Vries, 2003, The European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach (ESFA): short-term effects, Health Education Research, 18, 649, 10.1093/her/cyg033 · DOI
  7. Vries, 2003, The European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach (EFSA): an example of integral prevention, Health Education Research, 18, 611, 10.1093/her/cyg031 · DOI
  8. Hirschstein, 2006, Promoting behavior and beliefs that reduce bullying: the Steps to Respect Program
  9. Ahtola, 2012, For children only? Effects of the KiVa antibullying program on teachers, Teaching and Teacher Education, 28, 851, 10.1016/j.tate.2012.03.006 · DOI
  10. Salmivalli, 2012, KiVa antibullying program: overview of evaluation studies based on a randomized controlled trial and national rollout in Finland, International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6, 294
  11. Salmivalli, 2012, Making bullying prevention a priority in Finnish schools: the KiVa antibullying program, New Directions for Youth Development, 2012, 41, 10.1002/yd.20006 · DOI
  12. Washburn, 2011, Effects of a social-emotional and character development program on the trajectory of behaviors associated with social-emotional and character development: findings from three randomized trials, Prevention Science, 12, 314, 10.1007/s11121-011-0230-9 · DOI
  13. Simon, 2011, Overweight prevention in adolescents by increasing physical activity: 6-year results of the randomized ICAPS study, Obesity Reviews, 12, 26
  14. Garcia-Dominic, 2010, Identifying barriers that hinder onsite parental involvement in a school-based health promotion program, Health Promotion Practice, 11, 703, 10.1177/1524839909331909 · DOI
  15. Trevino, 1999, Bienestar: a diabetes risk factor modification program, Diabetes, 48, A305
  16. Fry, 2009, The Central Sydney Walk to School Research Program 2005-2007
  17. James, 1998, A Strategy to Improve School Based Health Promotion: A Case Study in Smoking Prevention [PhD thesis]
  18. James, 1999, A randomised controlled trial of school smoking prevention programs: using epidemiological methods to evaluate health promotion [abstract], Australasian Epidemiology, 6, 19
  19. Washburn I Acock A Vuchinich S Snyder F Li K Ji P Effects of a social-emotional and character development program on the trajectory of behaviors associated with social-emotional and character development: findings from three randomized trials Prevention Science 2011 314 23 · DOI
  20. Wang Y Tussing L Odoms-Young A Braunschweig C Flay B Hedeker D Obesity prevention in low socioeconomic status urban African-American adolescents: study design and preliminary findings of the HEALTH-KIDS study European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006 92 103 · DOI
  21. Grieve, 2012, Chapter 9: Other topics
  22. Perry, 2002, Project Northland: long-term outcomes of community action to reduce adolescent alcohol use, Health Education Research, 17, 117, 10.1093/her/17.1.117 · DOI
  23. Powney, 2000, Health and Attainment: A Brief Review of Recent Literature
  24. World Health Organization, 1986, Ottowa Charter for Health Promotion
  25. Young, 1989, The Healthy School

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 763

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Langford, R., Bonell, C. P., Jones, H. E., Pouliou, T., Murphy, S. M., Waters, E., Komro, K. A., Gibbs, L. F., Magnus, D., & Campbell, R.
Affiliations
  • University of Bristol (GB)
  • Institute of Education, University of London; Social Science Research Unit; 18 Woburn Square London London UK WC1H 0NR
  • Cardiff University (GB)
  • The University of Melbourne (AU)
  • University of Florida Health (US)
ORCID
Venue
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2014-04-16
Volume
2014
Issue
4
Pages
CD008958-CD008958
ISSN
  • 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
  • 1465-1858
DOI
10.1002/14651858.cd008958.pub2
PMC
PMC11214127
OpenAlex
W1907658676
Cited by
768
References
465
Citations by year
2026: 73 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 58 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 14
FWCI
9.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
  • ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
  • Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Wellcome Trust (WT087640MA)
  • Cancer Research UK
  • British Heart Foundation
  • Medical Research Council (MR/K023233/1)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › School Health and Nursing Education
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Adolescent Health and Behaviors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Public Health Policies and Education
Keywords
health promoting schools, school health promotion, student well-being, academic performance, physical activity, nutrition, bullying, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, sexual health, violence, mental health, school environment, school ethos, family and community involvement, school-based intervention, children and young people, effectiveness review, risk of bias, heterogeneous effects
MeSH terms
Achievement, Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Health Promotion, Humans, Mental Health, Motor Activity, Obesity, School Health Services, Students, Violence, World Health Organization, Health Behavior, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Substance-Related Disorders, Bullying, Reproductive Health

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review