Cited by 299Reproductive Health and ContraceptionAcute Myocardial Infarction ResearchVenous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management

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Combined oral contraceptives: the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke

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Roach, Rachel E.J., Helmerhorst, Frans M, Lijfering, Willem M., Stijnen, Theo, Algra, Ale, Dekkers, Olaf M·2015·Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd011054.pub2PMC PMC6494192

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have been associated with an increased risk of arterial thrombosis, i.e. myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke. However, as these diseases are rare in young women and as many types of combined oral contraception exist, the magnitude of the risk and the effect of different hormonal contents of COC preparations remain unclear. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the risk of myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke in users compared with non-users of different types, doses and generations of combined oral contraception. SEARCH METHODS: We searched electronic databases (MEDLINE (1966 to July 08, 2015), EMBASE (1980 to July 08, 2015), Popline (1970 to July 08, 2015) and LILACS (1985 to July 08, 2015) for eligible studies, without language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included observational studies that recruited women in the reproductive age group (18 to 50 years) and compared the risk of myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke between users and non-users of COCs. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently selected relevant studies and extracted data. We pooled relative risks ()(combined odds ratios and one incidence rate ratio) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke in users versus non-users of COCs.We combined the outcomes of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke and also analysed these outcomes separately. Analyses were stratified according to estrogen dose and progestagen type. MAIN RESULTS: In total, we identified 1298 publications through the search strategy. We included 28 publications reporting on 24 studies. COC users were at increased risk of myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke compared with non-users: relative risk (RR) 1.6 (95% CI 1.3-1.9).These RRs were similar for myocardial infarction (1.6, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.1) and ischemic stroke (1.7, 95% CI 1.5 to 1.9). The risks did not vary clearly according to the generation of progestagen or according to progestagen type. When we stratified preparations according to estrogen dose, the risk of myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke seemed to increase with higher doses of estrogen. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis showed that the risk of myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke was 1.6-fold increased in women using COCs . The risk was highest for pills with > 50 microgram estrogen. When combined with the results of studies on the risk of venous thrombosis in COC users, it seems that the COC pill containing levonorgestrel and 30 μg of estrogen is the safest oral form of hormonal contraception.

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Authors: Roach, R. E. J., Helmerhorst, F. M., Lijfering, W. M., Stijnen, T., Algra, A., & Dekkers, O. M.
Affiliations: Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
ORCID: Roach, Rachel E.J.
Lijfering, Willem M.
Stijnen, Theo
Algra, Ale
Dekkers, Olaf M
Venue: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2015-08-27
Volume: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: CD011054-CD011054
ISSN: 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
1465-1858
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011054.pub2
PMC: PMC6494192
OpenAlex: W2160662478
Cited by: 299
References: 186
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 2
FWCI: 2.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Acute Myocardial Infarction Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Internal Medicine › Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management
Keywords: combined oral contraceptives, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, arterial thrombosis, estrogen dose, progestogens, hormonal contraception, cardiovascular risk, young women, relative risk, estrogen-progestin combination, thrombosis risk stratification
MeSH terms: Contraceptives, Oral, Combined, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Myocardial Infarction, Progestins, Cohort Studies, Case-Control Studies, Risk Assessment, Stroke, Observational Studies as Topic

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Combined oral contraceptives: the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke

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