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Psychological interventions for diabetes-related distress in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Many adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) experience a psychosocial burden and mental health problems associated with the disease. Diabetes-related distress (DRD) has distinct effects on self-care behaviours and disease control. Improving DRD in adults with T2DM could enhance psychological well-being, health-related quality of life, self-care abilities and disease control, also reducing depressive symptoms. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of psychological interventions for diabetes-related distress in adults with T2DM. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, BASE, WHO ICTRP Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov. The date of the last search was December 2014 for BASE and 21 September 2016 for all other databases. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of psychological interventions for DRD in adults (18 years and older) with T2DM. We included trials if they compared different psychological interventions or compared a psychological intervention with usual care. Primary outcomes were DRD, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and adverse events. Secondary outcomes were self-efficacy, glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood pressure, diabetes-related complications, all-cause mortality and socioeconomic effects. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently identified publications for inclusion and extracted data. We classified interventions according to their focus on emotion, cognition or emotion-cognition. We performed random-effects meta-analyses to compute overall estimates. MAIN RESULTS: We identified 30 RCTs with 9177 participants. Sixteen trials were parallel two-arm RCTs, and seven were three-arm parallel trials. There were also seven cluster-randomised trials: two had four arms, and the remaining five had two arms. The median duration of the intervention was six months (range 1 week to 24 months), and the median follow-up period was 12 months (range 0 to 12 months). The trials included a wide spectrum of interventions and were both individual- and group-based.A meta-analysis of all psychological interventions combined versus usual care showed no firm effect on DRD (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.07; 95% CI -0.16 to 0.03; P = 0.17; 3315 participants; 12 trials; low-quality evidence), HRQoL (SMD 0.01; 95% CI -0.09 to 0.11; P = 0.87; 1932 participants; 5 trials; low-quality evidence), all-cause mortality (11 per 1000 versus 11 per 1000; risk ratio (RR) 1.01; 95% CI 0.17 to 6.03; P = 0.99; 1376 participants; 3 trials; low-quality evidence) or adverse events (17 per 1000 versus 41 per 1000; RR 2.40; 95% CI 0.78 to 7.39; P = 0.13; 438 participants; 3 trials; low-quality evidence). We saw small beneficial effects on self-efficacy and HbA1c at medium-term follow-up (6 to 12 months): on self-efficacy the SMD was 0.15 (95% CI 0.00 to 0.30; P = 0.05; 2675 participants; 6 trials; low-quality evidence) in favour of psychological interventions; on HbA1c there was a mean difference (MD) of -0.14% (95% CI -0.27 to 0.00; P = 0.05; 3165 participants; 11 trials; low-quality evidence) in favour of psychological interventions. Our included trials did not report diabetes-related complications or socioeconomic effects.Many trials were small and were at high risk of bias for incomplete outcome data as well as possible performance and detection biases in the subjective questionnaire-based outcomes assessment, and some appeared to be at risk of selective reporting. There are four trials awaiting further classification. These are parallel RCTs with cognition-focused and emotion-cognition focused interventions. There are another 18 ongoing trials, likely focusing on emotion-cognition or cognition, assessing interventions such as diabetes self-management support, telephone-based cognitive behavioural therapy, stress management and a web application for problem solving in diabetes management. Most of these trials have a community setting and are based in the USA. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Low-quality evidence showed that none of the psychological interventions would improve DRD more than usual care. Low-quality evidence is available for improved self-efficacy and HbA1c after psychological interventions. This means that we are uncertain about the effects of psychological interventions on these outcomes. However, psychological interventions probably have no substantial adverse events compared to usual care. More high-quality research with emotion-focused programmes, in non-US and non-European settings and in low- and middle-income countries, is needed.
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“Thus, CBT and other approaches designed to directly reduce distress or DD have failed to consistently improve clinical outcomes for people with diabetes (6–8,11).”
From Addressing emotional distress to improve outcomes in adults with type 1 diabetes: Protocol for ACT1VATE randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Previous trials and reviews suggested that these psychological interventions were effective in improving patients' diabetes-related knowledge, modifying illness perceptions, and enhancing self-efficacy (Chew et al., 2017).”
From Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. (2024) · cites this paper as Chew et al., 2017
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“These are examples of cultural factors with high potential to adversely impact individuals’ engagement in their diabetes care and management.”
From Addressing emotional distress to improve outcomes in adults with type 1 diabetes: Protocol for ACT1VATE randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
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“Prior RCTs and systematic reviews have elucidated that psychosocial and psychological interventions, particularly those that are tailored specifically for diabetes and have a patient empowerment or motivational interviewing component, are more successful at improving glycemic outcomes in addition to reducing diabetes…”
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“Directly, targeting distress itself through psychological interventions could also be advantageous, as review evidence from 30 randomized controlled trials suggests that diabetes-related distress is amenable to intervention, with benefits for HbA1c at 6-12 month follow-up [43].”
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“In order to adjust care processes to the needs of patients with diabetes, future research needs to unravel the complex inter-relationship between depression, diabetes-related distress and diabetes outcomes.”
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“• Mild depressive cases do well with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) [30,31] • CBT can improve diabetes-related distress • CBT improved depression than diabetes-related distress in some studies as interventions were not tailored in problem areas of self-care [30,31] • Short-term reduction in…”
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“Furthermore, a meta-analysis that included 30 randomised controlled trials has failed to provide evidence that psychological interventions could improve diabetes-related distress more than usual care in people with type 2 diabetes [15].”
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“The depressed DM patients often show some negative coping strategies that can affect the outcomes of treatment, resulting in the decreased treatment adherence, increased diabetes fatalism and low-quality of life [14].”
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“Third, psychological factors affecting the self-care of diabetic patients in previous studies are included in the self-confidence domain of SCODI [9,11,12,14,15,21].”
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“Increased self-efcacy also contributes to lower HbA1c and enhancing well-being [4, 45, 46].”
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People with diabetes do not learn and recall their diabetes foot education: a cohort study
Yuncken, J., Williams, C., Stolwyk, R. J., & Haines, T. P. (2018) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-018-1714-1 · Cited by 10
Chew, B., Vos, R. C., Fernandez, A., Ghazali, S. S., Shamsuddin, N. H., Ismail, M., & Rutten, G. E. H. M. (2019) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018819853761 · Cited by 9
Self-citationHu, H., Kuang, L., Dai, H., & Sheng, Y. (2024) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20241029-01 · Cited by 8
Losonczi, A., Kazinczi, C., Fehervari, F., Illenyi, M., Herold, Z., Palmai, D., Rigó, A., Varga, É. K., Zemplenyi, Z. M., Vincze, Á., et al. (2025) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology6030019 · Cited by 12
Comparative Analysis of Different Classifiers Using Machine Learning Algorithm for Diabetes Mellitus
Sharma, S. K., Priyadarshi, A., Mohapatra, S. K., Pradhan, J., & Sarangi, P. K. (2022) · Artificial intelligence-enhanced software and systems engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11713-8_4 · Cited by 8
Rohde, C., Schmitz, N., Thomsen, R. W., & Østergaard, S. D. (2021) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2020.39 · Cited by 7
Zhang, Y. H., Zhang, D., Long, T., Wu, Y., Huang, J., Zhang, Y., & Li, M. (2024) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111863 · Cited by 7
Silke, L., Kirresh, O., Sturt, J. A., & Lempp, H. K. (2021) · BMC Rheumatology · doi:10.1186/s41927-021-00220-4 · Cited by 7
“In general, reviews found psycho-educational treatments resulted in a low to moderate effect on DSD reduction and more intensive and longer duration interventions seem to achieve a greater effect [13, 14, 45, 46].”
ResultCherry, M. G., Brown, S. L., Purewal, R., & Fisher, P. (2023) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12655 · Cited by 7
Zara, S., Kruse, J., Leveling, A. M., Schmitz, J., Hempler, I., & Kampling, H. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/38477 · Cited by 7
McMorrow, R., Hunter, B., Hendrieckx, C., Kwaśnicka, D., Cussen, L., Ho, F. C. S., Speight, J., Emery, J. D., & Manski-Nankervis, J.-A. E. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044888 · Cited by 6
Lu, Y., Gao, M., Zhang, L., Shi, M., Zhou, H., Zhou, H., Che, H., Fei, X., Chen, J., & Li, Y. (2023) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.1883 · Cited by 5
“More importantly, patients suffering from T2DM had a higher mental health risk (Chew et al., 2017).”
Zhang, J., Wang, C., Huang, L., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1067238 · Cited by 6
Jafari, A., Moshki, M., Naddafi, F., Taghinezhad, F., Khorasani, E. C., Karimian, N., Farhadian, Z., & Alizadeh, H. (2024) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-024-01375-z · Cited by 6
“The results of a systematic review and meta-analysis about psychological interventions for distress diabetes showed that different psychological interventions did not have a decisive effect on diabetes distress in the population with T2D compared to conventional care [57].”
BackgroundWong, S., Lew, J. K., Soon, W. S. W., Griva, K., Smith, H. E., & Lim, S. C. (2024) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2024.108482 · Cited by 5
Anderson, D. J., Sturt, J. A., McDonald, N., Sapkota, D., Porter‐Steele, J., Rogers, R. L., Temple, A., Seib, C. A., McGuire, A., Tjondronegoro, D., et al. (2021) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108654 · Cited by 6
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McGloin, H., Devane, D., McIntosh, C. D., Winkley, K., & Gethin, G. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012835 · Cited by 5
Factors associated with work ability in adults with diabetes
McCarthy, M. M., Yan, J., & Dickson, V. V. (2021) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151478 · Cited by 5
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“Insulin deficiency also invariably leads to chronic hyperglycaemia, causing disturbances in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism [6].”
BackgroundTreatment of type 2 diabetes and stress using neuro-emotional technique: case report
Bablis, P., Day, R. R., & Pollard, H. P. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1382757 · Cited by 6
Diabetes distress as mediators of loneliness and health promotion behaviour: a cross-sectional study
Zhou, F., Deng, L., Guo, C., Long, K., Xie, L., Yang, T., & Lv, Q. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079674 · Cited by 4
“Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.”
BackgroundÖztürk, Z., Turan, G. B., & Dönmez, O. (2024) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.70044 · Cited by 4
“(Chew et al., 2017).”
BackgroundPhilis‐Tsimikas, A., Fortmann, A. L., Clark, T. L., Bagsic, S. R. S., Farcas, E., Roesch, S. C., SCHULTZ, J. H., Gilmer, T., Godino, J., Savin, K. L., et al. (2024) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaae077 · Cited by 5
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“A Cochrane systematic review found no significant effect of psychological interventions on diabetes distress compared to usual care in T1D populations [16], highlighting the ongoing need for innovative, scalable, and effective approaches.”
Coaching and Education for Diabetes Distress (CEDD): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Chima, C. C., Salemi, J. L., Sidani, M. A., & Zoorob, R. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/12166 · Cited by 4
“Even though some interventions have incorporated elements of coaching [7,8], only 1 study has explicitly sought to address DD as a primary outcome using HC [14].”
Meditation for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease
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“Similarly, Guy E. H. M. Rutten from the University Medical Centre Utrecht has focused on depression symptoms, well-being, and HRQoL [32] and examined the e ffi cacy of self-management education and psychological support in alleviating patient distress [33 – 35].”
Schipper, S. B. J., Karagiannis, T., Zaccardi, F., Remmelzwaal, S., Blom, M. T., Dagan, N., Schoonmade, L. J., Langendam, M. W., Mb, J., Jensen, W., et al. (2026) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-026-06789-0 · Cited by 3
“For instance, a large Cochrane review specifically focused on psychological interventions for diabetes distress in adults with type 2 diabetes found a small but significant effect on diabetes distress in favour of psychological interventions compared with usual care [11].”
Factors Associated with Diabetes-Related Distress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Duka, K., Onea, C. R., & Cernea, S. (2021) · Journal of Interdisciplinary Medicine · doi:10.2478/jim-2021-0027 · Cited by 3
Rondhianto, R., Ridla, A. Z., & Budi, F. A. K. S. (2023) · Jurnal Keperawatan Soedirman · doi:10.20884/1.jks.2023.18.3.6488 · Cited by 7
“Support from family can increase motivation and prevent stress (Chew et al., 2017), self-management behavior (Kurnia et al., 2017; Yamin & Sari, 2018), especially in dietary behavior compliance (Demilew et al., 2018; Ghimire, 2017).”
BackgroundHansen, S. H., Jensen, T. M., Petersen, G. S., Pouwer, F., Sønderlund, A. L., & Søndergaard, J. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-07949-6 · Cited by 3
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“26,30,56,57 Having a chronic disease in itself may lead to MH conditions if not addressed properly.”
Jeon, B., Chasens, E. R., Luyster, F. S., Callan, J. A., DiNardo, M. M., & Sereika, S. M. (2023) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-023-02819-y · Cited by 4
Psychosocial Interventions by Nurses for Patients with HIV/ AIDS: A Systematic Review
Davoudi, M., Heydari, A., & Manzari, Z. S. (2023) · Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.34172/jcs.2023.30726 · Cited by 3
Chew, B., Lai, P. S. M., Sivaratnam, D., Basri, N. I., Appannah, G., Yusof, B. N. M., Thambiah, S. C., Hanipah, Z. N., Wong, P. F., & Chang, L.-C. (2025) · Health Systems & Reform · doi:10.1080/23288604.2024.2417788 · Cited by 4
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“Some patients believe that the use of insulin indicates a serious condition, so the psychological pressure is greater, and the pessimistic mood is more serious.(26,27) Second, if the blood glucose control is not good, the patients may have complications in 5–10 years, which is a threat to the patients, which will inev…”
BackgroundRetractedMedicina Conductual: Avances y Perspectivas
(2021) · Qartuppi eBooks · doi:10.29410/qtp.21.11 · Cited by 4
Soriano, E. C., Fortmann, A. L., Guzman, S. J., Sandoval, H., Spierling Bagsic, S. R., Bastian, A., Antrim, M., Chichmarenko, M., & Philis-Tsimikas, A. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2024.107687 · Cited by 2
Mindfulness and Cardiometabolic Health During Pregnancy: An Integrative Review
Lindsay, K. L., Guo, Y., & Gyllenhammer, L. E. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02337-2 · Cited by 2
“…well-being interventions, primarily yoga based, can improve measures of glycemic control, including fasting and post-prandial glucose, HbA1c, and measures of adiposity and obesity risk (Chew et al., 2017; Jayawardena et al., 2018; Pascoe et al., 2017; Ramamoorthi et al., 2019; Thind et al., 2017).”
Chae, W. R., Kuhnert, R., Buchmann, M., Sarganas, G., Grams, D., Michalski, N., Otte, C., & Hapke, U. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120210 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Chew, B. H., Vos, R. C., Metzendorf, M.-I., Scholten, R. J., & Rutten, G. E.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Putra Malaysia (MY)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Venue
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-09-27
- Volume
- 2017
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- CD011469-CD011469
- ISSN
- 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-1858
- PMC
- PMC6483710
- OpenAlex
- W2161920207
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 238
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 6.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) (acceptedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (PB-PG-0610-22311)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Keywords
- diabetes distress, type 2 diabetes, psychological intervention, health-related quality of life, self-efficacy, glycemic control, HbA1c, depression, diabetes self-management education, cognitive behavioral therapy, group intervention, emotion-focused interventions, cognitive intervention, socioeconomic burden, diabetes complications, mortality, adverse events, self-care behavior, blood pressure control
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depression, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Psychotherapy, Quality of Life, Self Care, Stress, Psychological, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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