Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy-based interventions on psychological symptoms in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an update review of randomized controlled trials
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has long been recognized as a type of psychotherapy for the management of glycemic control and comorbid psychological disorders and symptoms in adults with diabetes, and has been previously reported with varying outcomes. The aim of this scoping review is to evaluate the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in order to determine the effects of CBT on Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients regarding depressive and anxiety symptoms, diabetes distress, and quality of life. An extensive literature search was conducted of the Pubmed, Scopus, Cinahl and Medline electronic databases. The search yielded 349 studies, of which 12 eventually met the entry requirements for RCTs. The majority of the studies included in the current scoping review demonstrated the benefits of CBT intervention in the amelioration of depressive symptoms, diabetes-related distress and quality of life in patients with T2DM. However, some studies reported limited evidence to support the use of CBT as an adjuvant therapy. The considerable levels of heterogeneity associated with most RCTs included warrant caution when interpreting results. The findings of this scoping review demonstrate the positive impact of CBT on depressive symptoms and other psychological aspects of everyday life in patients with T2DM.
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Cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies are successful therapeutic approaches for people with diabetes and psychosocial concerns.
“Successful therapeutic approaches include cognitive behavioral (330,332,348,349) and mindfulness-based therapies (346,350,351).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:<i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [349]
Educational and behavioral intervention strategies, including education, cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based therapies, and motivational interviewing, have demonstrated benefits for diabetes distress and, to a lesser degree, glycemic outcomes.
“Several educational and behavioral intervention strategies have demonstrated benefits for diabetes distress and, to a lesser degree, glycemic outcomes, including education, psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based therapies, and health behavior change approaches such as motivational interviewing (348,349,365,366).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:<i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [349]
Trials have shown consistent evidence of improvements in depressive symptoms and variable benefits for A1C when depression is simultaneously treated, whether through pharmacological treatment, group therapy, psychotherapy, or collaborative care.
“Trials have shown consistent evidence of improvements in depressive symptoms and variable benefits for A1C when depression is simultaneously treated (331,392,394), whether through pharmacological treatment, group therapy, psychotherapy, or collaborative care (328,348,349,395,396).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:<i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [349]
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BackgroundThe case for screening for diabetes distress, depression, and anxiety
Michot, A. P., Evans, T. L., Vasudevan, M. M., Bradford, A. M., Hundt, N. E., Christie, I. C., True, G., & Kunik, M. E. (2024) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053241241841 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Acceptance-based strategies also reduce DM-related psychological symptoms and increase self-management behaviors (Li et al., 2022; Ngan et al., 2021; Vlachou et al., 2022).”
Factores psicosociales presentes en Adultos Mayores con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2
Cobo-Chimbo, C. E., Berrú, C. B. C., & Zapata-Aguirre, G. Z. (2024) · MQRInvestigar · doi:10.56048/mqr20225.8.3.2024.4223-4239 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Glycemic Control With Layperson-Delivered Telephone Calls vs Usual Care for Patients With Diabetes
Kahlon, M. K., Aksan, N., Aubrey, R., Clark, N., Cowley-Morillo, M., Dubois, C., García, C., Guerra, J., Pereira, D., Sither, M., et al. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48809 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sun, X., Wang, X., Zhou, R., Deng, W., Jiang, J., & Shi, Y. X. (2025) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s498507 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Yin, X., Wang, M., Chen, Y., & Zhu, Y. (2025) · Psycho-Oncologie · doi:10.18282/po3654 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The development of a CBT-informed approach to supporting type 2 diabetes self-management
Visagie, E., Deacon, E., & Kok, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare · doi:10.3389/fcdhc.2025.1421678 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sun, W., Xie, D. H., Zhang, M., Hou, W., Wang, Z., Wang, C., Xu, G., & He, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1708967 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A case series of CBT-inspired behavioral and medical interventions for uncontrolled type 2 diabetes
Nouri, A., & Madi, B. A. (2026) · Exploration of Drug Science · doi:10.37349/eds.2026.1008146 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
BULGUROĞLU, M., BULGUROĞLU, H. İ., Hepşen, S., Dincer, S., Aslan, C. G., Zorlu, S., Suicmez, S., & Adıgüzel, E. (2026) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s565976 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Finally, given the complex, lifelong demands of T2DM, care models that integrate metabolic management with cognitive and psychosocial support are likely to be most effective.”
Abchır, O., Rossafi, B., Bouribab, A., Es‐Sounni, B., Touti, R., Yamari, I., Samadi, A., & Chtita, S. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27135696 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“These complications include heart disease, stroke, hypertension, neuropathy, nephropathy, diabetic foot, dermatological problems, blindness, gastrointestinal upsets, respiratory problems, obesity, and impaired healing of wounds, among others [6].”
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Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Nursing Intervention on Children with Type 2 Diabetes
Tang, L., Xu, Z., Yao, P., & Zhu, H. (2022) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1155/2022/6185739 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
RetractedRodríguez, L. M., Brito, M. L., de, E. L. H. M., Hernández-Lugo, M. D. L. C., & Castillo, E. F. (2025) · Región Científica · doi:10.58763/rc2025363
Research Progress on Insomnia and OSA in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
郑, 靖. (2025) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2025.153722
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Nateghi, N., Younesi, S. J., Khanjani, M. S., Saed, O., Rasouli, A., & Baytamar, J. M. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-025-01815-1
“Based on prior evidence for CBT and transdiagnostic interventions in similar populations [4, 6, 28], we predicted that participants randomized to gTCBT would demonstrate significantly greater reductions in depressive and anxiety symptomatology compared to a waitlist control group.”
Tao, H.-Z., You-min, D., Xia, S.-F., & Feng, Y. (2025) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v16.i1.109725
Visagie, E., Deacon, E., & Kok, R. (2026) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053261428853
“It can cause acute and longterm diabetesrelated complications, including cardiac complica tions, retinopathy, chronic kidney disease, and neuropathy (Vlachou et al., 2022).”
Espinoza, D. A. G., Miranda, R. A. G., & Linares, I. G. C. (2025) · doi:10.61728/ae20258801
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- Authors
- Vlachou, E., Ntikoudi, A., Owens, D. A., Nikolakopoulou, M., Chalimourdas, T., & Cauli, O.
- Affiliations
- University of West Attica (GR)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Universitat de València (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Vlachou, Eugenia
- Cauli, Omar
- Venue
- Journal of Diabetes and its Complications
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-05
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 108185
- ISSN
- 0891-6632 (ISSN-L)
- 1056-8727
- OpenAlex
- W4221099200
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 1.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Diabetes and its Complications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, type 2 diabetes, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, diabetes distress, quality of life, psychological symptoms, glycemic control
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Psychotherapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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