KSR induces RAS‐independent MAPK pathway activation and modulates the efficacy of KRAS inhibitors
Open accessAbstract
The kinase suppressor of rat sarcoma (RAS) proteins (KSR1 and KSR2) have long been considered as scaffolding proteins required for optimal mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway signalling. However, recent evidence suggests that they play a more complex role within this pathway. Here, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of KSR1 or KSR2 is sufficient to activate the MAPK pathway and to induce cell proliferation in the absence of RAS proteins. In contrast, the ectopic expression of KSR proteins is not sufficient to induce cell proliferation in the absence of either rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF) or MAPK‐ERK kinase proteins, indicating that they act upstream of RAF. Indeed, KSR1 requires dimerization with at least one member of the RAF family to stimulate proliferation, an event that results in the translocation of the heterodimerized RAF protein to the cell membrane. Mutations in the conserved aspartic acid–phenylalanine–glycine motif of KSR1 that affect ATP binding impair the induction of cell proliferation. We also show that increased expression levels of KSR1 decrease the responsiveness to the KRAS G12C inhibitor sotorasib in human cancer cell lines, thus suggesting that increased levels of expression of KSR may make tumour cells less dependent on KRAS oncogenic signalling.
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Genetic studies seeking factors that can rescue simultaneous deletion of KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS identified effector proteins including mutant RAFs, MEK, ERK, and KSR, and deletion of NF1 as capable of rescuing growth.
“Genetic studies seeking factors that can rescue the simultaneous deletion of KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS identified effector proteins including mutant RAFs, MEK, ERK, and KSR, and the deletion of NF1 as being capable of rescuing growth [109,110].”
From KRAS: Biology, Inhibition, and Mechanisms of Inhibitor Resistance (2024) · cites this paper as [110]
The Results section (“KSR proteins induce RAS-independent proliferation via MAPK pathway activation”; page unavailable) reports that ectopic KSR1 or KSR2 expression restored proliferation after loss of HRAS, NRAS and KRAS. The cited paper does not establish the claimed growth rescue by mutant RAFs, MEK or ERK, or by NF1 deletion; its discussion of RAF, MEK and ERK does not demonstrate those specific rescues. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEnforced expression of KSR decreased the efficacy of sotorasib in sensitive cells.
“Additionally, the enforced expression of KSR decreased the efficacy of sotorasib in sensitive cells [110].”
From KRAS: Biology, Inhibition, and Mechanisms of Inhibitor Resistance (2024) · cites this paper as [110]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Paniagua, G., Jacob, H. K. C., Brehey, O., García‐Alonso, S., Lechuga, C. G., Pons, T., Musteanu, M., Guerra, C., Drosten, M., & Barbacid, M.
- Affiliations
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (ES)
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Experimental Oncology Molecular Oncology Program Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO) Madrid Spain
- Corresponding author
- Drosten, Matthias
- Barbacid, Mariano
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Oncology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-04-12
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 3066-3081
- ISSN
- 1574-7891 (ISSN-L)
- 1878-0261
- PMC
- PMC9441002
- OpenAlex
- W4220687313
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 2.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Oncology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (RTC2017‐6576‐1, RTI2018‐094664‐B‐I00)
- Comunidad de Madrid (B2017/BMD‐3884 iLUNG‐CM)
- H2020 European Research Council (ERC‐AG/695566)
- Fundación Científica Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (GC166173694BARB)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Melanoma and MAPK Pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Keywords
- KSR1, KSR2, MAPK signaling, Raf, MAPK/ERK kinase, cell proliferation, sotorasib, KRAS G12C inhibitors, drug resistance
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Protein Kinases, Genes, ras, Signal Transduction, Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras), Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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