Climatological distribution of aragonite saturation state in the global oceans
Open accessAbstract
Aragonite saturation state (Ω arag ) in surface and subsurface waters of the global oceans was calculated from up‐to‐date (through the year of 2012) ocean station dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) data. Surface Ω arag in the open ocean was always supersaturated (Ω > 1), ranging between 1.1 and 4.2. It was above 2.0 (2.0–4.2) between 40°N and 40°S but decreased toward higher latitude to below 1.5 in polar areas. The influences of water temperature on the TA/DIC ratio, combined with the temperature effects on inorganic carbon equilibrium and apparent solubility product ( K ′ sp ), explain the latitudinal differences in surface Ω arag . Vertically, Ω arag was highest in the surface mixed layer. Higher hydrostatic pressure, lower water temperature, and more CO 2 buildup from biological activity in the absence of air‐sea gas exchange helped maintain lower Ω arag in the deep ocean. Below the thermocline, aerobic decomposition of organic matter along the pathway of global thermohaline circulation played an important role in controlling Ω arag distributions. Seasonally, surface Ω arag above 30° latitudes was about 0.06 to 0.55 higher during warmer months than during colder months in the open‐ocean waters of both hemispheres. Decadal changes of Ω arag in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans showed that Ω arag in waters shallower than 100 m depth decreased by 0.10 ± 0.09 (−0.40 ± 0.37% yr −1 ) on average from the decade spanning 1989–1998 to the decade spanning 1998–2010.
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A recent estimate sets the current Ωarag at about 2.8, approximately 81% of the preindustrial value.
“A recent estimate sets the current Ωarag at ~2.8 (71) (see the Supplementary Materials), approximately 81% of the preindustrial value.”
From Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries (2023) · cites this paper as [71]
The Methods and section 3.1 report a global surface Ωarag estimate referenced to 2000, but its area-weighted value is 3.03, not ~2.8. The Introduction says saturation states had fallen to ~84% of preindustrial values by 2000; it does not give the claimed current estimate of 81%. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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“However, it should be noted that Southern Ocean pteropods do already experience ar undersaturated conditions on a seasonal basis through winter occupancy of ar depleted waters (Hunt et al., 2008; Jiang et al., 2015; Manno et al., 2016).”
BackgroundBest Practice Data Standards for Discrete Chemical Oceanographic Observations
Jiang, L., Pierrot, D., Wanninkhof, R. H., Feely, R. A., Tilbrook, B., Alin, S. R., Barbero, L., Byrne, R. H., Carter, B. R., Dickson, A. G., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.705638 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“87, 2020 μmol kg−1, and 2306 μmol kg−1, respectively (Jiang et al., 2015b) and using the recommended constants that are given in the section “Recommended Dissociation Constants and Other Values for Carbon System Calculations” of the Supplementary Material.”
MethodSelf-citationSutton, A. J., Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Cai, W., Cronin, M. F., McPhaden, M. J., Morell, J. M., Newton, J. A., Noh, J. H., Ólafsdóttir, S. R., et al. (2016) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-13-5065-2016 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationCurrent understanding and challenges for oceans in a higher-CO2 world
Hurd, C. L., Lenton, A. A., Tilbrook, B., & Boyd, P. W. (2018) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0211-0 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Assessing bulk carbonates as archives for seawater Li isotope ratios
von Strandmann, P. A. E. P., Schmidt, D. N., Planavsky, N. J., Wei, G., Jones, C. L. C., & Baumann, K. (2019) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.119338 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Salisbury, J. E., & Jönsson, B. F. (2018) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-018-0505-3 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The Science, Engineering, and Validation of Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage
Doney, S. C., Wolfe, W. H., McKee, D. C., & Fuhrman, J. (2024) · Annual Review of Marine Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-marine-040523-014702 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Xue, L., & Cai, W. (2020) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2020.103791 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Burgos, J. M., Buhl‐Mortensen, L., Buhl‐Mortensen, P., Ólafsdóttir, S. H., Steingrund, P., Ragnarsson, S. Á., & Skagseth, Ø. (2020) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00131 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Ocean Acidification: Another Planetary Boundary Crossed
Findlay, H. S., Feely, R. A., Jiang, L., Pelletier, G., & Bednaršek, N. (2025) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.70238 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Ocean Ω conditions vary significantly across the globe, with levels in tropical regions being more than twice as high as those in polar regions (Feely et al. 2023; Jiang et al. 2015).”
Self-citationSudden emergence of a shallow aragonite saturation horizon in the Southern Ocean
Negrete-García, G., Lovenduski, N. S., Hauri, C., Krumhardt, K. M., & Lauvset, S. K. (2019) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0418-8 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Jiang, L., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R. H., Greeley, D., Barbero, L., Alin, S. R., Carter, B. R., Pierrot, D., Featherstone, C., Hooper, J. A., et al. (2021) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…chemistry, nutrient chemistry, isotope, and transient tracer data (Olsen et al., 2016, 2020), allowing for a slew of new research products related to OA and its temporal trends in the global ocean (e.g., Lauvset et al., 2015; Jiang et al., 2015a; Gruber et al., 2019; Lauvset et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationXu, D., Zhang, S., & Qin, Y. (2024) · Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth · doi:10.1029/2024jb029131 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“As the ocean absorbs more anthropogenic CO 2 , the aragonite saturation layer gradually rises, and aragonite saturation decrease with increasing acidification, leading to structural dissolution (Feely et al., 2012; Hennige et al., 2020; Jiang et al., 2015; Kuchinke et al., 2014).”
Rapid deep ocean deoxygenation and acidification threaten life on Northeast Pacific seamounts
Ross, T., Preez, C. D., & Ianson, D. (2020) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15307 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“For DIC, there are longitudinal trends in the full data (S2), so we only use data from within the study region (P12 and P16, Figure 1) to compute the area-average Ω profiles.”
BackgroundInfluentialPreformed Properties for Marine Organic Matter and Carbonate Mineral Cycling Quantification
Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., Lauvset, S. K., Olsen, A. S., DeVries, T., & Sonnerup, R. E. (2020) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2020gb006623 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“8 of 17 chemically corrosive for carbonate minerals than is the shallow ocean (Carter, Toggweiler, et al., 2014; Ingle, 1975; Jiang et al., 2015) and, potentially, because carbonate minerals sink more efficiently or are remineralized/dissolved less efficiently than organic matter (Francois et al.,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationSchulz, K. G., Bach, L. T., & Dickson, A. G. (2023) · State of the Planet · doi:10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-2-2023 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Consideration of coastal carbonate chemistry in understanding biological calcification
Fassbender, A. J., Sabine, C. L., & Feifel, K. M. (2016) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2016gl068860 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
What drives the latitudinal gradient in open-ocean surface dissolved inorganic carbon concentration?
Wu, Y., Hain, M. P., Humphreys, M. P., Hartman, S., & Tyrrell, T. (2019) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-16-2661-2019 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Jones, L. A., Mannion, P. D., Farnsworth, A., Valdes, P. J., Kelland, S.-J., & Allison, P. A. (2019) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.182111 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A Surface Ocean CO2 Reference Network, SOCONET and Associated Marine Boundary Layer CO2 Measurements
Wanninkhof, R. H., Pickers, P. A., Omar, A. M., Sutton, A. J., Murata, A. M., Olsen, A. S., Stephens, B. B., Tilbrook, B., Munro, D. R., Pierrot, D., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00400 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationXue, L., Cai, W., Sutton, A. J., & Sabine, C. L. (2017) · Marine Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2017.05.009 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Living coral tissue slows skeletal dissolution related to ocean acidification
Kline, D. I., Teneva, L. T., Okamoto, D. K., Schneider, K., Caldeira, K., Miard, T., Chai, A., Marker, M., Dunbar, R. B., Mitchell, B. G., et al. (2019) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0988-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Disturbance in Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems and Linkages to Conservation and Management
Smith, T. B., Holstein, D. M., & Ennis, R. S. (2019) · Coral reefs of the world · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92735-0_47 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Jarníková, T., Ianson, D., Allen, S. E., Shao, A. E., & Olson, E. M. (2022) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2021gb007024 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“2 of 19 First, metrics relating to ocean acidification, such as pH and Ωarag, are lower in this region compared to the rest of the global ocean, implying more risk of corrosive conditions (Jiang et al., 2015).”
BackgroundOoid factories operating under hothouse conditions in the earliest Triassic of South China
Li, F., Gong, Q., Burne, R. V., Tang, H., Chengpeng, S., Zeng, K., Zhang, Y., & Tan, X. (2018) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.10.012 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Hot fish: The response to climate change by regional fisheries bodies
Sumby, J., Haward, M., Fulton, E. A., & Pecl, G. T. (2020) · Marine Policy · doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104284 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“accumulating, particularly around polar, upwelling, and reef locations [21,22].”
BackgroundNovel and disappearing climates in the global surface ocean from 1800 to 2100
Lotterhos, K. E., Láruson, Á. J., & Jiang, L. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94872-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationFranco, A. C., Gruber, N., Frölicher, T. L., & Kropuenske, L. R. (2018) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1002/2018jc013857 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Despite this, the waters in the nearshore 15 km are simulated for the year 2000 to have an annual mean Xarag of 2.44 6 0.16 and an annual mean Xcalc of 3.78 6 0.23, that is still lower than the global mean (Jiang et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialDavis, C. V., Wishner, K. F., Renema, W., & Hull, P. M. (2021) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-18-977-2021 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Watson, S., & Neo, M. L. (2021) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/coab082 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Li, C., & Zhai, W. (2018) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/j.csr.2018.11.003 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Glazier, A. E., Herrera, S., Weinnig, A. M., Kurman, M. D., Gómez, C. E., & Cordes, E. E. (2020) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.15439 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“The ASH currently lies between approximately 200 and 2,000 m in the world's ocean (Jiang et al., 2015).”
BackgroundContrasting drivers and trends of ocean acidification in the subarctic Atlantic
Pérez, F. F., Olafsson, J., Ólafsdóttir, S. R., Fontela, M., & Takahashi, T. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93324-3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Acidification of the Global Surface Ocean: What We Have Learned from Observations
PMEL, N., Feely, R. A., Jiang, L., Wanninkhof, R. H., Carter, B. R., Alin, S. R., Bednaršek, N., & Cosca, C. E. (2023) · Oceanography · doi:10.5670/oceanog.2023.222 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationXue, L., Cai, W., Jiang, L., & Wei, Q. (2021) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2021gb006949 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationPohl, A., Laugié, M., Borgomano, J. R. F., Michel, J., Lanteaume, C., Scotese, C. R., Frau, C., Poli, E., & Yannick Donnadieu, A. (2018) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.10.017 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Vergara‐Jara, M. J., DeGrandpre, M. D., Torres, R., Beatty, C. M., Cuevas, L. A., Alarcón, E., & Iriarte, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1029/2019jg005028 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“ΩArag can be highly variable in coastal areas (Harris et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2017), some regions at the open ocean (Hauri et al., 2015; Jiang et al., 2015), and inland seas like fjords and bays from different regions (Feely et al., 2010; Fransson et al., 2015, 2016; Jantzen et al., 2013;…”
BackgroundPederson, C., Ge, Y., Lokier, S. W., Swart, P. K., Vonhof, H., Strauß, H., Schurr, S. L., Fiorini, F., Riechelmann, S., Licha, T., et al. (2021) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2021.09.024 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Li, B., Liu, C., Deng, X. J., Wang, K., Han, L., Huang, Y., Li, X., & Cai, W. (2021) · Harmful Algae · doi:10.1016/j.hal.2021.102133 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Implications of giant ooids for the carbonate chemistry of Early Triassic seawater
Li, X., Trower, E. J., Lehrmann, D. J., Minzoni, M., Kelley, B. M., Schaal, E. K., Altıner, D., Yu, M., & Payne, J. L. (2020) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g47655.1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bouton, A., Vennin, E., Amiotte‐Suchet, P., Thomazo, C., Sizun, J., Virgone, A., Gaucher, É. C., & Visscher, P. T. (2019) · Basin Research · doi:10.1111/bre.12412 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…depth, thermodynamic constrains (e.g. saturation state), and not the availability of Ca2+ and HCO− 3 ions, typically govern the precipitation of calcium carbonate (e.g. Jiang et al., 2015; Kleypas, Buddemeier, et al., 1999b; Kleypas, McManus, & Meñez, 1999a; Riding & Liang, 2005a, 2005b).”
BackgroundMoore-Maley, B., Ianson, D., & Allen, S. E. (2018) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-15-3743-2018 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Role of oceanic abiotic carbonate precipitation in future atmospheric CO2 regulation
Bialik, O. M., Sisma‐Ventura, G., Vogt-Vincent, N., Silverman, J., & Katz, T. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-20446-7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Powell, M. G., & Glazier, D. S. (2017) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1017/pab.2016.38 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Siliceous taxa may be further constrained by the low availability of silica at low latitudes (Garcia et al. 2014), and calcareous taxa may be further constrained by low aragonite saturation at high latitudes (Jiang et al. 2015).”
BackgroundJohnson, G. C., Lumpkin, R., Alin, S. R., Amaya, D. J., Baringer, M., Boyer, T., Brandt, P. N., Carter, B. R., Cetinić, I., Chambers, D. P., et al. (2021) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/bams-d-21-0083.1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationShort‐term variability of aragonite saturation state in the central M id‐ A tlantic B ight
Xu, Y., Cai, W., Gao, Y., Wanninkhof, R. H., Salisbury, J. E., Chen, B., Reimer, J. J., Gonski, S. F., & Hussain, N. (2017) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1002/2017jc012901 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“This transporting of water masses has an important influence on the carbon chemistry as X arag in the North Atlantic varies with latitude [ Jiang et al ., 2015].”
InfluentialJewett, L., & Romanou, A. (2017) · doi:10.7930/j0qv3jqb · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Ocean Carbon and Acidification Data System
Jiang, L., Kozyr, A., Relph, J., Ronje, E. I., Kamb, L., Burger, E., Myer, J., Nguyen, L., Arzayus, K., Boyer, T., et al. (2023) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-023-02042-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationWeinstein, D. K., Sharifi, A., Klaus, J. S., Tb, S., Giri, S., & Helmle, K. (2016) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps11883 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ocean Acidification From Below in the Tropical Pacific
Ishii, M., Rodgers, K. B., INOUE, H. Y., Toyama, K., Sasano, D., Kosugi, N., Ono, H., Enyo, K., Nakano, T., Iudicone, D., et al. (2020) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2019gb006368 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The western tropical Pacific Warm Pool is known to be the region with the highest saturation levels of carbonate minerals (Feely et al., 2009; Jing et al., 2015), providing favorable conditions for calcifying organisms such as corals.”
BackgroundSelf-citationArroyo, M. C., Fassbender, A. J., Carter, B. R., Edwards, C. A., Fiechter, J., Norgaard, A., & Feely, R. A. (2022) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2022gl097835 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationBiodiversity of Kelp Forests and Coralline Algae Habitats in Southwestern Greenland
Schoenrock, K. M., Vad, J., Muth, A. F., Pearce, D. M., Rea, B. R., Schofield, J. E., & Kamenos, N. A. (2018) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d10040117 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“[39] provide evidence that aragonite (one of the most common calcium carbonate minerals) saturation levels are low in Arctic Alaskan waters.”
BackgroundVulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs)
Buhl‐Mortensen, L., Burgos, J. M., Steingrund, P., Buhl‐Mortensen, P., Ólafsdóttir, S. H., & Ragnarsson, S. Á. (2019) · TemaNord · doi:10.6027/tn2019-519 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Qi, D., Chen, B., Chen, L., Lin, H., Gao, Z., Sun, H., Zhang, Y., Sun, X., & Cai, W. (2020) · Polar Science · doi:10.1016/j.polar.2020.100504 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hochberg, E. J., & Gierach, M. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.727038 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Species ranges were taken from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2014); • arag from literature (Jiang et al., 2015); and • Coastal development threat, marine pollution threat, overfishing threat, sedimentation threat, and integrated local threat data from the World Resources Institute, Reefs at Risk Revi…”
MethodAmplified Subsurface Signals of Ocean Acidification
Fassbender, A. J., Carter, B. R., Sharp, J. D., Huang, Y., Arroyo, M. C., & Frenzel, H. (2023) · Global Biogeochemical Cycles · doi:10.1029/2023gb007843 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…include a few global studies that have evaluated subsurface changes in calcium carbonate mineral saturation states and pH (Feely et al., 2004; Jiang et al., 2015; S. K. Lauvset et al., 2020) and regional studies that have evaluated subsurface changes in p CO 2 (Arroyo et al., 2022; Chen et…”
BackgroundSelf-citationAn anthropocene-framed transdisciplinary dialog at the chemistry-energy nexus
Prévot, M. S., Finelli, V., Carrier, X., Deplano, G., Cavallo, M., Quadrelli, E. A., Michel, J., Pietraru, M., Camp, C., Forghieri, G., et al. (2024) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/d4sc00099d · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Auscavitch, S. R., Lunden, J. J., Barkman, A. L., Quattrini, A. M., Demopoulos, A. W. J., & Cordes, E. E. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.9523 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“S1), which is consistent with previous reports from the North Atlantic Ocean (Jiang et al., 2015).”
ResultA shorter Archean day-length biases interpretations of the early Earth's climate
Spalding, C., & Fischer, W. W. (2019) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.02.032 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The saturation state of seawater with respect to aragonite ΩA decreases toward the poles in the modern oceans (Jiang et al., 2015).”
BackgroundRe-evaluating mid-Holocene reef “turn-off” on the inshore Southern Great Barrier Reef
Leonard, N. D., Lepore, M. L., Zhao, J., Ramirez, A. R., Butler, I. R., Clark, T. R., Roff, G., McCook, L. J., Nguyen, A. D., Feng, Y., et al. (2020) · Quaternary Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106518 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Meadows, C. A., Grebmeier, J. M., & Kidwell, S. M. (2022) · Geological Society London Special Publications · doi:10.1144/sp529-2022-131 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Calcium carbonate production by fish in temperate marine environments
Salter, M. A., Perry, C. T., & Smith, A. M. (2019) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.1002/lno.11339 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Evans, W., Lebon, G., Harrington, C. D., Takeshita, Y., & Bidlack, A. (2022) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-19-1277-2022 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Paris Agreement could prevent regional mass extinctions of coral species
Couce, E., Cowburn, B., Clare, D., & Bluemel, J. K. (2023) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16690 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The environmental covariates used for training the models were based on Couce et al. (2013), and include SST, aragonite saturation, salinity, nutrient levels, photosynthetically active radiation levels, attenuation coefficient at 490 nm wavelength, light penetration depth, and dust.”
BackgroundInfluentialAssessing the Limit of CO2 Storage in Seawater as Bicarbonate-Enriched Solutions
Varliero, S., Jamali Alamooti, S., Campo, F. P., Cappello, G., Cappello, S., Caserini, S., Comazzi, F., Macchi, P., & Raos, G. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29174069 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Finally, there are factors such as the presence of organic matter, pollutants, colloidal particles, and marine organisms that are not taken into account in the evaluation of Ω Ar , but they can certainly affect precipitation reactions [36–38].”
BackgroundHunt, B. P. V., Alin, S. R., Bidlack, A. L., Diefenderfer, H. L., Jackson, J. M., Kellogg, C. T. E., Kiffney, P. M., Pierre, K. A. S., Carmack, E. C., Floyd, W. C., et al. (2024) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.1002/lno.12724 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…) — despite having relatively low anthropogenic CO 2 inventories — although conditions may be less severe than those closer to shore as a result of diminished freshwater in fl uence (Feely et al. 2004; Sabine et al. 2004; Jiang et al. 2015; Gruber et al. 2019; Jiang et al. 2019; Franco et al. 2021).”
Fontela, M., Velo, A., Gilcoto, M., & Pérez, F. F. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146570 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Published by Elsevier B a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 12 November 2020 Received in revised form 9 March 2021 Accepted 14 March 2021 Available online 19 March 2021 Guest Editor: Jesús Forja Keywords: Ocean acidification Anthropogenic carbon Carbonate Deoxygenation Argentine basin Weste…”
BackgroundInfluentialGarcía‐Ibáñez, M. I., Bates, N. R., Bakker, D. C. E., Fontela, M., & Velo, A. (2021) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103480 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ocean acidification in the Northern Indian ocean : A review
Panchang, R., & Ambokar, M. (2021) · Journal of Asian Earth Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2021.104904 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Potential Impacts of Climate Interventions on Marine Ecosystems
Roberts, K. D., Rohr, T. W., Raven, M. R., Diamond, M., Visioni, D., Kravitz, B., Heneghan, R., Petrik, C. M., Bianchi, D., Ortega‐Cisneros, K., et al. (2026) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/2024rg000876 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Marine Ooid Sizes Record Phanerozoic Seawater Carbonate Chemistry
Trower, E. J., Smith, B. P., Koeshidayatullah, A., & Payne, J. L. (2022) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2022gl100800 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“(Jiang et al., 2015) and documented in Early Triassic shallow-water carbonate environments (Koeshidayatullah”
BackgroundCampoy, A. N., Rivadeneira, M. M., Hernández, C. E., Meade, A., & Venditti, C. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43287-y · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“This phenotype likely represents an adaptation to the deep sea, where building a bigger or hard skeleton becomes increasingly more dif fi cult with decreasing aragonite saturation 26 .”
A first look at factors affecting aragonite compensation depth in the eastern Arabian Sea
Singh, D. P., Saraswat, R., Naik, D. K., & Nigam, R. (2016) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.09.014 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dynamics of the Carbonate System Across the Peruvian Oxygen Minimum Zone
Hernández‐Ayón, J. M., Paulmier, A., Garcon, V. C., Sudre, J., Montès, I., Chapa‐Balcorta, C., Durante, G., Dewitte, B., Maes, C., & Bretagnon, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00617 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Metzl, N., Fin, J., Monaco, C. L., Mignon, C., Alliouane, S., Antoine, D., Bourdin, G., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Conan, P., et al. (2024) · Earth system science data · doi:10.5194/essd-16-89-2024 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Changes in anthropogenic carbon storage in the Northeast Pacific in the last decade
Chu, S. N., Wang, Z. A., Doney, S. C., Lawson, G. L., & Hoering, K. A. (2016) · Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans · doi:10.1002/2016jc011775 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Xu, X., Zheng, N., Zang, K., Huo, C., Zhao, H., Mu, J., Wang, J., & Sun, B. (2018) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.032 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Muth, A. F., Esbaugh, A. J., & Dunton, K. H. (2020) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.01272 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“At high latitudes, aragonite saturation levels are low (~2) when compared to ocean averages (~3.5) or low latitude values (~4; Gangstø et al., 2008; Jiang et al., 2015) due to processes such as freshwater input, rapid seasonal ice melt, upwelling, and relatively high respiration rates from…”
BackgroundInfluentialMeadows, C. A., Grebmeier, J. M., & Kidwell, S. M. (2019) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.04.005 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Spatial Variation in Aragonite Saturation State and the Influencing Factors in Jiaozhou Bay, China
Li, Y., Zhang, L., Xue, L., Fan, W., Liu, F., & Yang, H. (2020) · Water · doi:10.3390/w12030825 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Since the change in CO2 solubility in seawater often directly affects the CO2 exchange process at the sea-air interface, this effect is usually strong [20,41].”
BackgroundInfluentialJeon, J., Li, Q., Chen, Z., Liang, K., Kershaw, S., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology · doi:10.1080/03115518.2022.2130978 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Riding & Liang (2005) proposed that the carbonate saturation state increased throughout the Ordovician, and was much higher than in the today’s oceans (Carter et al. 2014, Jiang et al. 2015).”
BackgroundBiogeochemical In Situ Observations – Motivation, Status, and New Frontiers
Telszewski, M., Palacz, A., & Fischer, A. S. (2018) · GODAE OceanView eBooks · doi:10.17125/gov2018.ch06 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“According to Jiang et al. (2015), through the year 2012 surface aragonite saturation state in the open ocean was always supersaturated (っ > 1), ranging between 1.1 and 4.2.”
BackgroundInfluentialCharacterization of the exoskeleton of the Antarctic king crab Paralomis birsteini
Steffel, B. V., Smith, K. E., Dickinson, G. H., Flannery, J. A., Baran, K. A., Rosen, M. N., McClintock, J. B., & Aronson, R. B. (2019) · Invertebrate Biology · doi:10.1111/ivb.12246 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jiang, L., Feely, R. A., Carter, B. R., Greeley, D. J., Gledhill, D. K., & Arzayus, K. M.
- Affiliations
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (US)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jiang, Li‐Qing
- Venue
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles
- Publisher
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Published
- 2015-10
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1656-1673
- ISSN
- 0886-6236 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-9224
- OpenAlex
- W1948126634
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10
- FWCI
- 8.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Archive of Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- NOAA Institutional Repository (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s
- Climate Observations Division of NOAA's Climate Program Office
- NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (4278)
- Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (0001)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Ocean Acidification Effects and Responses
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Calcium Carbonate Crystallization and Inhibition
- Keywords
- aragonite saturation state, seawater carbonate chemistry, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, latitudinal distribution, seasonal variation, deep ocean, thermohaline circulation, organic matter decomposition, decadal variability, ocean acidification, solubility product, mixed layer
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