Cited by 606Geology and Paleoclimatology ResearchClimate variability and modelsMarine and environmental studies

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Interglacials of the last 800,000 years

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Past Interglacials Working Group of PAGES·2016·Reviews of Geophysics

DOI 10.1002/2015rg000482

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Abstract

Interglacials, including the present (Holocene) period, are warm, low land ice extent (high sea level), end‐members of glacial cycles. Based on a sea level definition, we identify eleven interglacials in the last 800,000 years, a result that is robust to alternative definitions. Data compilations suggest that despite spatial heterogeneity, Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 5e (last interglacial) and 11c (~400 ka ago) were globally strong (warm), while MIS 13a (~500 ka ago) was cool at many locations. A step change in strength of interglacials at 450 ka is apparent only in atmospheric CO 2 and in Antarctic and deep ocean temperature. The onset of an interglacial (glacial termination) seems to require a reducing precession parameter (increasing Northern Hemisphere summer insolation), but this condition alone is insufficient. Terminations involve rapid, nonlinear, reactions of ice volume, CO 2 , and temperature to external astronomical forcing. The precise timing of events may be modulated by millennial‐scale climate change that can lead to a contrasting timing of maximum interglacial intensity in each hemisphere. A variety of temporal trends is observed, such that maxima in the main records are observed either early or late in different interglacials. The end of an interglacial (glacial inception) is a slower process involving a global sequence of changes. Interglacials have been typically 10–30 ka long. The combination of minimal reduction in northern summer insolation over the next few orbital cycles, owing to low eccentricity, and high atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations implies that the next glacial inception is many tens of millennia in the future.

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Authors: Past Interglacials Working Group of PAGES
Corresponding author: Past Interglacials Working Group of PAGES
Venue: Reviews of Geophysics
Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Published: 2016-03
Volume: 54
Issue: 1
Pages: 162-219
ISSN: 0096-1043 (ISSN-L)
8755-1209
1944-9208
DOI: 10.1002/2015rg000482
OpenAlex: W2173255646
Cited by: 606
References: 372
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 9
FWCI: 20.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: other-oa
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 4 d)
Locations: Reviews of Geophysics (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Flanders Marine Institute (Flanders Marine Institute) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
NERC Open Research Archive (Natural Environment Research Council) (acceptedVersion)
Department of Earth Sciences EPrints Repository (acceptedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
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UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
ARCA (Università Ca' Foscari Venezia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
RENATE (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Publication Database PIK (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
RENATE (cc-by)
Funders: NSF
NERC
The Royal Society
F.R.S-FNRS
SNF
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and environmental studies
Keywords: interglacial periods, glacial-interglacial cycles, marine isotope stages, Holocene, glacial terminations, glacial inception, orbital precession, summer insolation, atmospheric CO2, sea level, Antarctic temperature, deep ocean temperature, millennial-scale climate variability, interglacial duration

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