The emergence and evolution of Earth System Science
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- Authors
- Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Schellnhuber, H. J., Dube, O. P., Dutreuil, S., Lenton, T. M., & Lubchenco, J.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Stockholm Resilience Centre (SE)
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (DE)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Oregon State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Steffen, Will
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Earth & Environment
- Published
- 2020-01-13
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 54-63
- ISSN
- 2662-138X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2999275944
- Cited by
- 566
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 71 · 2025: 108 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 27
- FWCI
- 4.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2020-09-03)
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Earth & Environment (publishedVersion)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (acceptedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Publication Database PIK (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Science and Climate Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate variability and models
- Keywords
- Earth system science, global change, Gaia hypothesis, International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, Anthropocene, tipping elements, planetary boundaries, human dynamics, biophysical processes, transdisciplinary science
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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