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Cited by 18Electrocatalysts for Energy ConversionCO2 Reduction Techniques and CatalystsFuel Cells and Related Materials

Intelligent Responsive Armored Aerogel for Efficient Natural Seawater Electrolysis at High Current Density

Open access
Chen, Hao, Ding, Rong, Zeng, Zhi‐Wei, Jia, Xu‐Xu, Zhang, Yu‐Chuan, Liu, Bo‐Wen, Zeng, Fu‐Rong, Wang, Yu‐Zhong +1 more·2025·Advanced Functional Materials
DOI 10.1002/adfm.202505802
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Abstract

Abstract Natural seawater electrolysis faces significant challenges due to the complex seawater environment, particularly the formation of insoluble deposits on the cathode that block active sites. Here, an intelligent phthalocyanine‐armorized Ru aerogel electrocatalyst is introduced that exhibits exceptional hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance and outstanding stability at industrial current densities in natural seawater. The intelligent armor promotes the dissociation of water and self‐captures protons to build the acidic microenvironment, creating a positively charged layer that shields against Mg and Ca cations in seawater. This intelligent armor continuously responds throughout the electrolysis process, offering dynamic, long‐term protection to the electrode. The unsaturated Lewis acid sites in the center of the phthalocyanine binds to OH ⁻ , slowing down the rise of the pH and avoiding the formation of precipitation. Additionally, the armor significantly reduces the HER energy barriers of the Ru aerogel, enhancing its intrinsic catalytic activity. Consequently, the aerogel demonstrates an overall water‐splitting voltage of 2.35 V and maintains stability for over 250 hours at industrial current densities. The intelligent responsive armor presented here offers a promising strategy to advance the efficiency and durability of direct natural seawater electrolysis.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/adfm.202505802

Cites

39 of 39 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 16 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Even in 80 °C seawater, the electrolyzer still exhibits excellent robustness at high current density.

    “Even in 80 °C seawater, the electrolyzer still exhibited excellent robustness at high current density (Figure S29, Supporting Information).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The HER activity of F-CuPc@RA in full-pH freshwater and seawater shows remarkable similarity.

    “Of particular note, the HER activity of F-CuPc@RA in full-pH freshwater and seawater showed remarkable similarity, highlighting its potential as an outstanding electrocatalyst for seawater electrolysis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    F-CuPc@RA consists of a Ru aerogel 3D network core encased by hexadecafluorinated copper phthalocyanine (F-CuPc) armors.

    “This aerogel (F-CuPc@RA) consists of a Ru aerogel 3D network core, encased by hexadecafluorinated copper phthalocyanine (F-CuPc) armors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    When integrated with NiFe LDH in a natural seawater electrolyzer, F-CuPc@RA requires a cell voltage of 2.35 V to drive 500 mA cm-2 at room temperature.

    “When F-CuPc@RA is integrated with (Nickel-iron Layered Double Hydroxides) NiFe LDH in a natural seawater electrolyzer setup, it only needs a cell voltage of 2.35 V to drive a current density of 500 mA•cm -2 at room-temperature.”
    • Also stated in: § 2.2. Electrocatalytic Performance in Full pH Freshwater, Seawater and Naturel Seawater · plain
      “Encouragingly, elec-trolytic cells still revealed a high electrocatalytic activity in natural seawater, which only required 2.35 V to meet the industrial current density (0.5 A•cm -2 ) at room-temperature, showing great industrialization potential (Figures 3g,h).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The incorporation of F-CuPc during self-assembly facilitates formation of a uniform, responsive intelligent armor on the 3D network of the Ru aerogel.

    “During the self-assembly process, the incorporation of F-CuPc facilitated the formation of a uniform, responsive intelligent armor on the 3D network of the Ru aerogel (Figures S1,S2b, Supporting Information).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 44
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 2

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In contrast to rapid deactivation of RA after 50 and 100 CV cycles, LSV curves for F-CuPc@RA before and after 100 CV cycles exhibit minimal differences, revealing remarkable stability of F-CuPc@RA in natural seawater electrolysis.

    “In contrast to the rapid deactivation of RA after 50 and 100 CV cycles, LSV curves for F-CuPc@RA before and after 100 CV cycles exhibited minimal differences, revealing the remarkable stability of F-CuPc@RA in the electrolysis of natural seawater (Figure 4a).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Mg and Ca ions are dispersed at 2-6 Å on the surface of pure Ru aerogel, a distance decreased by ≈87% compared with F-CuPc@RA, closer to Ru, aggravating metal deposition.

    “However, Mg and Ca ions dispersed at 2-6 Å on the surface of pure Ru aerogel, the distance decreased by ≈87% compared with that of F-CuPc@RA”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The molecular dynamics simulations accurately represent the behavior of Ca and Mg ions in natural seawater near the catalyst surface.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The intelligent armor was successfully integrated onto the Ru aerogel surface via Ru-F bonds, optimizing the electronic structure of Ru.

    “In summary, the intelligent armor was successfully integrated onto the Ru aerogel surface via Ru─F bonds, optimizing the electronic structure of Ru and paving the way for enhanced electrocatalytic activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    F-CuPc@RA demonstrates excellent HER activity across various carriers (Ag foam, Co foam, Ni foam, Cu foam, and carbon cloth) in full pH freshwater and seawater.

    “F-CuPc@RA demonstrated excellent HER activity across various carriers (Figure 3a).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that Ca and Mg ions concentrate on the surface of pure Ru aerogel in natural seawater, exacerbating metal deposition and impairing catalyst activity and stability.

    “Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that Ca and Mg ions concentrate on the surface of pure Ru aerogel in natural seawater, exacerbating metal deposition and impairing catalyst activity and stability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The molecular dynamics simulations accurately represent the behavior of Ca and Mg ions in natural seawater near the catalyst surface.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    F-CuPc@RA demonstrates an overall water-splitting voltage of 2.35 V and maintains stability for over 250 hours at industrial current densities.

    “Consequently, the aerogel demonstrates an overall water-splitting voltage of 2.35 V and maintains stability for over 250 hours at industrial current densities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The adsorption energy of F-CuPc@RA for Cl- (-0.28 eV) is much higher than that of RA (-0.67 eV), reducing interference of chlorination.

    “The adsorption energy of F-CuPc@RA for Cl -(-0.28 eV) was much higher than that of RA (-0.67 eV), which reduced the interference of chlorination (Figure S31, Supporting Information).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    F-CuPc@RA exhibits excellent electrocatalytic HER properties in natural seawater, requiring only 454, 400, 459, 518, and 446 mV on Ag foam, CC, Co foam, Cu foam, and Ni foam, respectively.

    “F-CuPc@RA exhibited excellent electrocatalytic HER properties in natural seawater, requiring only 454, 400, 459, 518, and 446 mV on Ag foam, CC, Co foam, Cu foam, and Ni foam, respectively (Figure 3d; Figure S26, Supporting Information).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    F-CuPc@RA exhibits remarkable HER performance in pH-universal freshwater electrolytes, requiring overpotentials of 17, 11, and 19 mV to achieve 10 mA cm-2 in 1 M KOH, 1 M PBS, and 0.5 M H2SO4, respectively, lower than RA and 20% Pt/C.

    “HER polarization curves showed that F-CuPc@RA exhibits remarkable hydrogen evolution performance in pH-universal electrolytes (Figure S11, Supporting Information), requiring only the overpotential of 17, 11, and 19 mV to achieve 10 mA•cm -2 in 1 m KOH, 1 m PBS, and 0.5 m H 2 SO 4 , respectively, significantly lower than those of RA (31 mV in 1 m KOH, 19 mV in 1 m PBS, and 62 mV in 0.5 m H 2 SO 4 )”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The Ea values of F-CuPc@RA are 17.7, 20.9, and 17.6 kJ mol-1 in alkaline, neutral, and acidic conditions, respectively, markedly lower than those of RA.

    “The Ea values of F-CuPc@RA were determined to be 17.7, 20.9, and 17.6 kJ•mol -1 in alkaline, neutral, and acidic conditions, respectively, which were markedly lower than the values for the comparative RA, highlighting the exceptional intrinsic activity of F-CuPc@RA.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    F-CuPc@RA shows Tafel slopes of 18.9, 46.2, and 34.7 mV dec-1 under alkaline, neutral, and acidic conditions, respectively, indicating great HER reaction kinetics in pH-universal electrolytes.

    “In addition, F-CuPc@RA showed the Tafel slopes of 18.9, 46.2, and 34.7 mV•dec -1 under alkaline, neutral, and acidic conditions, respectively, indicating great HER reaction kinetics in pH universal electrolytes (Figures S12,S13, Supporting Information).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    F-CuPc@RA achieves a low 2.4 V battery voltage and over 250 h durability at industrial current densities.

    “Impressively, it achieves a low 2.4 V battery voltage, showcasing over 250 h of durability at industrial current densities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    After prolonged cycling in natural seawater, white hydroxide deposits are observed on the RA electrode surface, while the F-CuPc@RA electrode surface shows almost no visible deposits, indicating the intelligent armor effectively mitigates detrimental effects of metal deposition on activity and stability.

    “After prolonged cycling in natural seawater, white hydroxide deposits were observed on the surface of the RA electrode.In contrast, the surface of the F-CuPc@RA electrode showed almost no visible deposits (Figure 4b), indicating that the intelligent armor effectively mitigated the detrimental effects of metal deposition on activity and stability during long-term seawater electrolysis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The electrolyzer exhibits high robustness when operated at ampere-level current density for more than 250 h in natural seawater, confirming excellent resistance to metal deposition and superior to the reference cell.

    “The result showed that the electrolyzer exhibited a high robustness even when operated at ampere-level current density for more than 250 h in natural seawater, confirming excellent resistance to metal deposition and superior to the reference cell (Figure 3i; Figure S28, Supporting Information).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The bond length of Ru-Ru in F-CuPc@RA decreased compared to pure Ru aerogel, indicating electron transfer of Ru to F-CuPc.

    “The bond length of Ru─Ru in F-CuPc@RA decreased compared to that of pure Ru aerogel, indicating electron transfer of Ru to F-CuPc (Table S1, Supporting Information).[14]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] 14. R. Du, W. Jin, R. Hübner, L. Zhou, Y. Hu, A. Eychmüller, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1903857;

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The intelligent phthalocyanine-armorized Ru aerogel electrocatalyst F-CuPc@RA exhibits exceptional HER performance and outstanding stability at industrial current densities in natural seawater.

    “Here, an intelligent phthalocyanine-armorized Ru aerogel electrocatalyst is introduced that exhibits exceptional hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance and outstanding stability at industrial current densities in natural seawater.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    F-CuPc@RA has high corrosion resistance during long cycles, ensuring efficient catalysis in natural seawater.

    “In addition, the dissolution curves of the metal showed that F-CuPc@RA had high corrosion resistance during long cycles, ensuring efficient catalysis in natural seawater (Figure 3j).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    F-CuPc@RA displayed an optimal ΔGH* of -0.1 eV, outperforming RA (-0.26 eV).

    “F-CuPc@RA displayed an optimal ΔGH * of -0.1 eV, outperforming that of RA (-0.26 eV)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    On F-CuPc@RA, DFT-calculated adsorption energies of Ca and Mg ions were -0.32 eV and -0.41 eV, respectively, representing decreases of 47% and 43% relative to pure Ru aerogel.

    “while the values decreased by 47% (Ca ion, -0.32 eV) and 43% (Mg ion, -0.41 eV) respectively in F-CuPc@RA”
    • Also stated in: § 2.3. Intelligent Armor Response Mechanism in Natural Seawater · plain
      “Moreover, the intelligent armor showed lower adsorption energy for Ca and Mg ions than pure Ru aerogel”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The positive charge on the surface of F-CuPc@RA increased sharply as the pH of the solution decreased, with its rate of charge change being 3.4 times greater than that of RA.

    “the positive charge on the surface of F-CuPc@RA increased sharply as the pH of the solution decreased, with its rate of charge change being 3.4 times greater than that of RA”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    WT-EXAFS verify the coordination environment of Ru atoms, exhibiting one intensity maximum at 9.12 Å-1 for Ru-Ru and 4.59 Å-1 for Ru-F in F-CuPc@RA, significantly different from RA, Ru foil and RuO2.

    “The wavelet-transformed contour plots (WT-EXAFS) further verify the coordination environment of Ru atoms in catalysts, exhibiting one intensity maximum at 9.12 Å -1 for Ru─Ru and 4.59 Å -1 for Ru─F in F-CuPc@RA and significantly different from those of RA, Ru foil and RuO 2 (Figure 2h; Figure S10, Supporting Information).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The Faraday efficiency in neutral freshwater indicated that only a small amount of OH- neutralized the charge and hardly affected the protection of the electrode.

    “The Faraday efficiency in neutral freshwater indicated that only a small amount of OH -neutralized the charge and hardly affected the protection of the electrode”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    F-CuPc@RA showed an obvious Ru─H band near 2066 cm-1, similar to RA (2061 cm-1).

    “F-CuPc@RA showed an ob-vious Ru─H band near 2066 cm -1 , which was similar to RA (2061 cm -1 ).[20]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The apparent activation energy (Ea) is solely contingent on the inherent properties of the catalysts, remaining unaffected by environmental factors.

    “The apparent activation energy (Ea) is solely contingent on the inherent properties of the catalysts, remaining unaffected by environmental factors.[16]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] 16. R. Tang, Y. Yang, Y. Zhou, X. Y. Yu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2301925;

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The intelligent armor promotes water dissociation and self-captures protons to build an acidic microenvironment, creating a positively charged layer that shields against Mg and Ca cations in seawater.

    “The intelligent armor promotes the dissociation of water and self-captures protons to build the acidic microenvironment, creating a positively charged layer that shields against Mg and Ca cations in seawater.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
      “The design allows the aerogel to in situ self-capture protons to form the acidic microenvironment during electrolysis, shielding against Mg and Ca cations in seawater (Figure 1a).[11]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] 11. X. Wang, X. Zhou, C. Li, H. Yao, C. Zhang, J. Zhou, R. Xu, L. Chu, H. Wang, M. Gu, H. Jiang, M. Huang, Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2204021.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Compared with other advanced HER electrocatalysts, F-CuPc@RA ranks among the best catalysts for both alkaline seawater and natural seawater.

    “Compared with other advanced HER electrocatalysts, F-CuPc@RA ranks among the best catalysts for both alkaline seawater and natural seawater (Figure 3e; Tables S2 and S3, Supporting Information).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    F-CuPc@RA features a highly porous structure and excellent conductivity, which enhance exposure of active sites, expand reaction regions, and facilitate rapid interfacial charge-transfer.

    “As mentioned above, F-CuPc@RA features a highly porous structure and excellent conductivity, which enhance the exposure of active sites, expand reaction regions, and facilitate rapid interfacial charge-transfer.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Unsaturated Lewis acid sites or Cu sites in the phthalocyanine bind to OH-, slowing the rise of pH and avoiding precipitation.

    “The unsaturated Lewis acid sites in the center of the phthalocyanine binds to OH -, slowing down the rise of the pH and avoiding the formation of precipitation.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
      “Unexpectedly, the unsaturated Cu sites bind to OH to avoid the rapid rise of the pH of the seawater near the cathode, realizing the all-round protection of the cathode in the pro-cess of electrolytic seawater (Figures 1a,b).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Once electrocatalysis ceases, the catalyst reverts to its original state and can form a responsive armor again during subsequent electrolysis cycles, preventing large-scale metal deposition from blocking the cathode's active sites.

    “Once electrocatalysis ceases, the catalyst reverts to its original state (Figure 1a) and can form a responsive armor again during subsequent electrolysis cycles, effectively preventing large-scale metal deposition from blocking the cathode's active sites.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The intelligent armor optimized the electronic properties of Ru aerogels, significantly enhancing atomic utilization efficiency and intrinsic activity while reducing the activation energy for hydrogen evolution in full-pH freshwater.

    “The intelligent armor optimized the electronic properties of Ru aerogels, significantly enhancing atomic utilization efficiency and intrinsic activity while reducing the activation energy for hydrogen evolution in full-pH freshwater.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The armor significantly reduces the HER energy barriers of the Ru aerogel, enhancing its intrinsic catalytic activity.

    “Additionally, the armor significantly reduces the HER energy barriers of the Ru aerogel, enhancing its intrinsic catalytic activity.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
      “The intelligent armor significantly lowers the hydrolysis and hydrogen evolution energy barriers of the Ru aerogel, greatly enhancing the electrocatalyst's intrinsic activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Hydrogen desorbed more easily from the surface of F-CuPc@RA, contributing to its excellent HER performance.

    “indicating that hydrogen desorbed more easily from its surface, which contributed to its excellent HER performance”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The intelligent armored Ru aerogel exhibited a strong water dissociation capability, creating a local acidic environment through protonation of the intelligent armor, achieving a dynamic response to form a protective layer enriched with positive charges that repelled Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions.

    “The intelligent armored Ru aerogel exhibited a strong water dissociation capability, creating a local acidic environment through the protonation of the intelligent armor, achieving a dynamic response to form a protective layer enriched with positive charges that repelled Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ ions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The authors successfully developed intelligent armored aerogels with a dynamic response mechanism that resists interference from harmful ions, demonstrating outstanding efficiency and robustness in hydrogen production from electrolytic seawater at industrial current densities.

    “we successfully developed intelligent armored aerogels with a dynamic response mechanism that resists interference from harmful ions, demonstrating outstanding efficiency and robustness in hydrogen production from electrolytic seawater at industrial current densities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Ru-based electrocatalysts have advantages of relatively low cost and suitable H adsorption energy.

    “Ru-based electrocatalysts have attracted much attention due to their advantages of relatively low-cost and suitable H adsorption energy.[7]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] 7. L. Guo, J. Chi, T. Cui, J. Zhu, Y. Xia, H. Guo, J. Lai, L. Wang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2400975;

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationown data

    The negative charge on RA intensified the enrichment of Ca and Mg ions on the electrode surface and accelerated the coverage of the active site by metal deposition.

    “which intensified the enrichment of Ca and Mg ions on the electrode surface and accelerated the coverage of the active site by metal deposition”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The intelligent armor optimizes the intermediate adsorption energy, enhancing the hydrogen evolution performance of the catalyst.

    “the intelligent armor optimizes the intermediate adsorption energy, enhancing the hydrogen evolution performance of the catalyst.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The intelligent armor continuously captures protons to form the acidic microenvironment, achieving a positively charged surface and providing comprehensive protection during electrolysis.

    “The intelligent armor contin-uously captures protons to form the acidic microenvironment, achieving a positively charged surface and providing comprehensive protection during electrolysis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Large amounts of adsorbed hydrogen were formed on F-CuPc@RA to construct an acidic microenvironment and accelerate its proton supply and demand, significantly improving the HER activity of F-CuPc@RA in the proton deficient environment.

    “suggesting that large amounts of adsorbed hydrogen were formed on F-CuPc@RA to construct an acidic microenvironment and accelerate its proton supply and demand significantly improved the HER activity of F-CuPc@RA in the proton deficient environment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The spread of OH- was restricted and inhibited large-scale metal deposition.

    “As a result, the spread of OH -was restricted and inhibited large-scale metal deposition”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The intelligent armored aerogel developed in this study enables real-time dynamic responses during natural seawater electrolysis, demonstrating both efficient and stable performance.

    “The intelligent armored aerogel developed in this study enables real-time dynamic responses during natural seawater electrolysis, demonstrating both efficient and stable performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The intelligent armored aerogels minimize metal deposition on the electrode surface, while their unique structure exhibits weak adsorption of alkali metal ions, ensuring multilevel protection of the electrode.

    “The intelligent armored aerogels minimize metal deposition on the electrode surface, while their unique structure exhibits weak adsorption of alkali metal ions, ensuring multilevel protection of the electrode.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In neutral and alkaline solutions, HER kinetics decreased by 2-3 orders of magnitude compared to acidic solutions, severely limiting the application of HER electrocatalysts for natural seawater.

    “the kinetics of HER reaction in neutral and alkaline solutions decreased by 2-3 orders of magnitude compared to acidic solutions, which severely limited the application of HER electrocatalysts for natural seawater.[19]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] 19. Z. Sun, S. Cheng, X. Jing, K. Liu, Y. L. Chen, A. A. Wibowo, H. Yin, M. Usman, D. MacDonald, S. Cheong, R. F. Webster, L. Gloag, N. Cox, R. D. Tilley, Z. Yin, Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2406088;

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Intelligent armor optimized the charge distribution at the Ru aerogel interface, enriched the proton concentration at the electrode interface, improved the difficult problem of H desorption, and greatly enhanced the activity of HER in the proton-deficient environment.

    “The above results showed that intelligent armor optimized the charge distribution at the Ru aerogel interface, enriched the proton concentration at the electrode interface, improved the difficult problem of H desorption, and greatly enhanced the activity of HER in the protondeficient environment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The intelligent armor realized pH regulation of the seawater near the cathode, avoiding the appearance of precipitation.

    “Additionally, the intelligent armor realized the pH regulation of the seawater near the cathode, avoiding the appearance of precipitation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The intelligent armor binds to OH- through the Cu sites, preventing pH rise and metal deposition.

    “the intelligent armor binds to OH -through the Cu sites, preventing pH rise and metal deposition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The response of the intelligent armor is activated and quenched by electrolysis, exemplifying its intellectualized design that adapts to dynamic microenvironmental changes during the process.

    “the response of the intelligent armor is activated and quenched by electrolysis, exemplifying its intellectualized design that adapts to dynamic microenvironmental changes during the process.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
47 of 47

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The molecular dynamics simulations accurately represent the behavior of Ca and Mg ions in natural seawater near the catalyst surface.

    “Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that Ca and Mg ions concentrate on the surface of pure Ru aerogel in natural seawater, exacerbating metal deposition and impairing catalyst activity and stability.”
1 of 1

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Activation energy varies across the reported environments

    Minor

    The paper says apparent activation energy is unaffected by environmental factors, but reports different values for the same catalyst in alkaline, neutral, and acidic conditions.

1 of 1

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Authors
Chen, H., Ding, R., Zeng, Z., Jia, X., Zhang, Y., Liu, B., Zeng, F., Wang, Y., & Zhao, H.
Affiliations
  • Sichuan University (CN)
  • The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco‐Friendly and Fire‐Safety Polymeric Materials National Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials (Sichuan) College of Chemistry Sichuan University No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China
ORCID
Venue
Advanced Functional Materials
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2025-04-07
Volume
35
Issue
37
ISSN
  • 1616-301X (ISSN-L)
  • 1616-3028
DOI
10.1002/adfm.202505802
OpenAlex
W4409235692
Semantic Scholar
7d88c8d9d0e2ebc955e1812b4cc769b8b8603f36
Cited by
18
References
39
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 5
FWCI
2.47
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
Advanced Functional Materials (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52122302)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
  • Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Fuel Cells and Related Materials
Keywords
seawater electrolysis, hydrogen evolution reaction, phthalocyanines, cathodic protection, Lewis acid sites, pH buffering, water splitting, high current density, electrocatalyst stability

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