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Hypothetical bias mitigation in representative and convenience samples
Open accessAbstract
This is a case study comparing outcomes for a probability‐based representative sample versus a non‐probability convenience sample for the valuation of beach condition information among Gulf of Mexico residents. We test the efficacy of several techniques used to adjust for hypothetical bias and sample weighting to reduce hypothetical willingness to pay (WTP). Weighting makes the WTP between the two samples similar, but model equivalence with respect to the significance of explanatory variables is rejected. The results support the use of certainty follow‐ups, which consistently reduced WTP, regardless of the sampling approach or weighting.
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“Convenience sampling is often limited to speci fi c regions or groups (Obilor, 2023; Penn et al. 2023)”
From The causal relationship between digital literacy and students’ academic achievement: a meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as Penn et al. 2023
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The causal relationship between digital literacy and students’ academic achievement: a meta-analysis
Li, F., Cheng, L., Wang, X., Shen, L., Ma, Y., & Islam, A. Y. M. A. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04399-6 · Cited by 38
“Conve-nience sampling is often limited to speci fi c regions or groups (Obilor, 2023; Penn et al. 2023), which may have common characteristics such as higher education levels or broader exposure to digital technology (Flierl et al. 2018; Hurwitz and Schmitt, 2020; Mehrvarz et al. 2021), thus…”
Metadata
- Authors
- Penn, J. M., Petrolia, D. R., & Fannin, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Mississippi State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Penn, Jerrod M.
- Venue
- Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-05-18
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 721-743
- ISSN
- 2040-5790 (ISSN-L)
- 2040-5804
- OpenAlex
- W4377098730
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5
- FWCI
- 8.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy (publishedVersion)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Louisiana State University
- National Institute of Food and Agriculture
- Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic and Environmental Valuation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- hypothetical bias, willingness to pay, representative sampling, convenience sampling, non-probability samples, sample weighting, contingent valuation, model equivalence
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