Nonresponse rates and nonresponse bias in household surveys

Groves, Robert M.

doi:10.1093/poq/nfl033

Cited by 2,420Survey Methodology and NonresponseSurvey Sampling and Estimation TechniquesCensus and Population Estimation

Nonresponse rates and nonresponse bias in household surveys

Groves, Robert M.·2006·Public Opinion Quarterly

DOI 10.1093/poq/nfl033

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Abstract

Many surveys of the U.S. household population are experiencing higher refusal rates. Nonresponse can, but need not, induce nonresponse bias in survey estimates. Recent empirical findings illustrate cases when the linkage between nonresponse rates and nonresponse biases is absent. Despite this, professional standards continue to urge high response rates. Statistical expressions of nonresponse bias can be translated into causal models to guide hypotheses about when nonresponse causes bias. Alternative designs to measure nonresponse bias exist, providing different but incomplete information about the nature of the bias. A synthesis of research studies estimating nonresponse bias shows the bias often present. A logical question at this moment in history is what advantage probability sample surveys have if they suffer from high nonresponse rates. Since postsurvey adjustment for nonresponse requires auxiliary variables, the answer depends on the nature of the design and the quality of the auxiliary variables.

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When a survey loses its overall statistical representativeness, it is difficult to repair and almost impossible to verify.
“when a survey loses its overall statistical representativeness (for example, through bias in coverage or non-response), which is difficult to repair (for example, by weighting or modelling on observable characteristics) and almost impossible to verify 45”
From Unrepresentative big surveys significantly overestimated US vaccine uptake (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
The empirical relationship between response rate and nonresponse bias is weak.
“While it has been shown that the empirical relationship between response rate and nonresponse bias is weak (Groves, 2006)”
From Severe role impairment associated with mental disorders: Results of the WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project (2018) · cites this paper as Groves, 2006

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Authors: Groves, R. M.
Affiliations: U.S. National Science Foundation (US)
Corresponding author: Groves, Robert M.
Venue: Public Opinion Quarterly
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2006
Volume: 70
Issue: 5
Pages: 646-675
ISSN: 0033-362X (ISSN-L)
1537-5331
DOI: 10.1093/poq/nfl033
OpenAlex: W2116971494
Cited by: 2,420
References: 80
Citations by year: 2026: 90 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 90 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 129 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 133 · 2018: 152 · 2017: 161 · 2016: 155 · 2015: 176 · 2014: 170 · 2013: 152 · 2012: 163
FWCI: 193.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Public Opinion Quarterly (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Survey Sampling and Estimation Techniques
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Census and Population Estimation
Keywords: nonresponse bias, nonresponse rates, household surveys, response rate, auxiliary variables

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Nonresponse rates and nonresponse bias in household surveys

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