Body adiposity index to analyze the percentage of fat in young men aged between 7 and 17 years.
Open accessAbstract
Background The body adiposity index (BAI), uses anthropometry to estimate percent body fat (%F). However, previous studies have shown that the BAI has limited accuracy for children and adolescents. Objective We propose to develop and validate an adjusted BAI for use in male children and adolescents from 7 to 17 years of age. Methods The sample consisted of 141 physically active male children and adolescents (age: 12.5 ± 2.14). The %F was determined by X-ray dual energy absorptometry equipment (DXA) as the standard method and by BAI, using an equation that uses height and hip circumference. Arithmetic modeling was used to adjust the structure of the BAI mathematical model. Results The BAI arithmetic adjustment was successful, resulting in the mathematical model named in the present study of adjusted body adiposity index (BAIADJ). BAI and BAIADJ correlated with DXA (r ≤ .70, p < .001). Regression analyzes indicate that, BAI (CI 95% β: [1.35; 1.90], p < .0001) and BAIADJ (CI 95% β: [1.40; 1.90], p < .0001) have the potential to estimate %F. BAI pointed out a difference in relation to DXA (p = .04). While there was no difference between BAIADJ and DXA (p = .1). There was a proportion bias of 13.2% for BAI (p < .05), but not for BAIADJ (p > .05). Conclusion The adjusted model of the body adiposity index proves to be an effective tool for the analysis of the fat percentage in young males. In addition, it demonstrated significant degrees of agreement and validity in relation to DXA.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
DXA is one of the standard reference methods and non-invasive measurements for FFM and FM in children and adolescents.
“Several techniques have been used to assess the body composition of children and adolescents, and dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is one of the standard reference methods and non-invasive measurements for FFM and FM (8–10).”
From Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
The Body composition section (page unavailable) calls DXA a gold-standard parameter for body-composition analysis and describes its use with pediatric participants. The paper uses DXA to assess body-fat percentage, but the passages do not specifically address fat-free mass (FFM) or describe DXA as non-invasive. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
STATISTICAL METHODS FOR ASSESSING AGREEMENT BETWEEN TWO METHODS OF CLINICAL MEASUREMENT
Martin Bland, J., & Altman, D. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90837-8 · Cited by 47,965 · see citing works
Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation
Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000002864 · Cited by 10,986 · see citing works
A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility.
Lin, L. I.-K. (1989) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532051 · Cited by 8,785 · see citing works
Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement
Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.10.001 · Cited by 5,220 · see citing works
Physiology of Sport and Exercise
Wilmore, J. H., COSTILL, D. L., & Gleim, G. W. (1995) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199505000-00024 · Cited by 2,240 · see citing works
Regional distribution of body fat, plasma lipoproteins, and cardiovascular disease.
Després, J. P., Moorjani, S., Lupien, P. J., Tremblay, A., Nadeau, A., & Bouchard, C. (1990) · Arteriosclerosis: An Official Journal of the American Heart Association, Inc. · doi:10.1161/01.atv.10.4.497 · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
A Better Index of Body Adiposity
Bergman, R. N., Stefanovski, D., Buchanan, T. A., Sumner, A. E., Reynolds, J. C., Sebring, N. G., Xiang, A. H., & Watanabe, R. M. (2011) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.38 · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
Handbook of Mathematical Models in Computer Vision
(2006) · doi:10.1007/0-387-28831-7 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Association of Body Fat Distribution and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents
Daniels, S. R., Morrison, J. A., Sprecher, D. L., Khoury, P. R., & Kimball, T. R. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.99.4.541 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Cálculo do erro técnico de medição em antropometria
de Oliveira, T. A. P., de Oliveira, G. L., Ornellas, J. D. S., & de Oliveira, F. P. (2005) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86922005000100009 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Je, H., & Barnardo, D. E. (1973) · PubMed · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Willoughby, D., Hewlings, S., & Kalman, D. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10121876 · Cited by 214 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Thus, when considering the importance of analyzing body composition for the health and physical performance of the pediatric population (Almeida-Neto et al., 2020, 2020; de Almeida-Neto et al., 2020, 2020; Willoughby et al., 2018), the present study brings the future perspective to contribute to the practical field of…”
BackgroundEspírito‐Santo, H., & Daniel, F. (2015) · Revista Portuguesa de Investigação Comportamental e Social · doi:10.7342/ismt.rpics.2015.1.1.14 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Análise de concordância em estudos clínicos e experimentais
Miot, H. A. (2016) · Jornal Vascular Brasileiro · doi:10.1590/1677-5449.004216 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Use of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in pediatric patients
Wasserman, H. M., O’Donnell, J. M., & Gordon, C. M. (2016) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2016.12.008 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Métodos de avaliação da composição corporal em crianças
Sant’Anna, M. D. S. L., Priore, S. E., & Franceschini, S. D. C. C. (2009) · Revista Paulista de Pediatria · doi:10.1590/s0103-05822009000300013 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Matsudo, V. K. R., Rivet, R. E., & Pereira, M. H. N. (1987) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640418708729763 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
de Almeida‐Neto, P. F., de Matos, D. G., Pinto, V. C. M., Dantas, P. M. S., Cesário, T. D. M., da Silva, L. F., Bulhões-Correia, A., Aidar, F. J., & Cabral, B. G. D. A. T. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165637 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationDaniels, S. R., Morrison, J. A., Sprecher, D. L., Khoury, P. R., & Kimball, T. R. (1998) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-199804001-00533 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
de Almeida‐Neto, P. F., de Matos, D. G., Baxter-Jones, A. D. G., Batista, G. R., Pinto, V. C. M., Dantas, M., Aidar, F. J., Dantas, P. M. S., & Cabral, B. G. D. A. T. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12176696 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationValidity of body adiposity index in predicting body fat in Brazilians adults
Segheto, W., Coelho, F. A., da Silva, D. C. G., Hallal, P. C., Marins, J. C. B., Ribeiro, A. Q., Pessoa, M. C., Morais, S. H. O., & Longo, G. Z. (2016) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22901 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Validity of the Body Adiposity Index in Predicting Body Fat in Adults: A Systematic Review
Cerqueira, M. S., dos Santos, C. A., Silva, D. A. S., Amorim, P. R. D. S., Marins, J. C. B., & Franceschini, S. D. C. C. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmy043 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
de Almeida‐Neto, P. F., Dantas, P. M. S., Pinto, V. C. M., Cesário, T. D. M., Campos, N. M. R., Santana, E. E., de Matos, D. G., Aidar, F. J., & Cabral, B. G. D. A. T. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17093277 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationLimited (ISAK) profiling The International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK)
Karupaiah, T. (2018) · Journal of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/2395-1540.232541 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Thivel, D., O’Malley, G., Pereira, B., Duché, P., & Aucouturier, J. (2014) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22643 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Obesity in the elderly: Should we be using new diagnostic criteria?
Ritz, P. (2009) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-009-0052-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Does the body adiposity index (BAI) apply to paediatric populations?
Aarbaoui, T. E., Samouda, H., Zitouni, D., Pompéo, C. D., de Beaufort, C. E., Trincaretto, F., Mormentyn, A., Hubert, H., Lemdani, M., & Guinhouya, B. C. (2013) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.3109/03014460.2013.802011 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Nutritional Assessment of Athletes
Driskell, J. A., & Wolinsky, I. (2002) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420041323 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mathematical Models in Natural Science and Engineering
Neimark, J. I. (2003) · Foundations of engineering mechanics · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-47878-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mathematical models in natural science and engineering
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-2225 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Filgueiras, M. D. S., Cecon, R. S., de Faria, E. R., de Faria, F. R., Pereira, P. F., Ribeiro, A. Q., Priore, S. E., & de Novaes, J. F. (2018) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980018002458 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Cesário, T. D. M., de Almeida‐Neto, P. F., de Matos, D. G., Wells, J. C. K., Aidar, F. J., & Cabral, B. G. D. A. T. (2020) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23503 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationNutritional Assessment of Athletes
(2010) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10203 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
de Almeida‐Neto, P. F., Arrais, R. F., de Matos, D. G., Cesário, T. D. M., Bulhões-Correia, A., SILVA, L. F., Aidar, F. J., Santana, E. E., Dantas, P. M. S., & Cabral, B. G. D. A. T. (2021) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11497-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationStrengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist
Wardlaw, J. M., Carpenter, T. K., Sakka, E., Mair, G., Cohen, G., Shuler, K., Palmer, J., Innes, K., & Sandercock, P. A. (2014) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dias, J., de Avila, M., Damasceno, V. D. O., Gonçalves, R., Barbosa, F. P., Lamounier, J. A., & Vianna, J. M. (2014) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86922014000100003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Applicability of body adiposity index in estimating body fat of young brazilian women
Dias, J., de Avila, M., Damasceno, V. D. O., Gonçalves, R., Barbosa, F. P., Lamounier, J. A., & Vianna, J. M. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20024361 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mathematical Models in Molecular and Cellular Biology (Lee A. Segel, ed.)
Childress, S. (1983) · SIAM Review · doi:10.1137/1025039 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Perímetro abdominal: evidências para a predição da gordura corporal subcutânea em meninos escolares
Neto, G. D. A. M., Luz, L. G. D. O., do Carmo, B. C. M., Pedreiro, R. C. D. M., Costa, S. S., & Júnior, A. T. D. C. (2016) · ConScientiae Saúde · doi:10.5585/conssaude.v14n4.6028 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 41 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Ci, B., & Rule, R. O. (1987).Confidence intervals.Lancet, 1(8531), 494-7.
- Espirito-Santo, H., & Daniel, F. (2015). Calculating and reporting effect sizes on scientific papers (1): p< 0.05 limitations in the analysis of mean differences of two groups. Revista Portuguesa de InvestigacaoComportamental e Social, 1(1), 3-16.
- Miot, H. A. (2016). Agreement analysis in clinical and experimental trials. Jornal Vascular Brasileiro, 15(2), 89-92.
- Neto, G. D. A. M., de Oliveira Luz, L. G., do Carmo, B. C. M., Mello Pedreiro, R. C., Costa, S. S., & da Cunha Junior, A. T. (2015). Abdominal perimeter: evidence for the prediction of subcutaneous body fat in schoolchildren. ConScientiae Saúde, 14 (4), 600- 607. [Translated from Portuguese -Brazil].
- Perini, T. A., de Oliveira, G. L., Ornellas, J. S., & de Oliveira, F. P. (2005). Technical error of measurement in anthropometry. Rev Bras Med Esporte, 11(1), 81-85.
- Sant'Anna, M. D. S. L., Priore, S. E., &Franceschini, S. D. C. C. (2009). Body composition assessment methods in children. Revista Paulista de Pediatria, 27 (3), 315- 321. [TranslatedfromPortuguese -Brazil].
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Costa, R. F. D., Silva, A. M., Masset, K. V. D. S. B., Cesário, T. D. M., Cabral, B. G. D. A. T., Ferrari, G., & Dantas, P. M. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.820736 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationPalumbo, A. M., Jacob, C. M., Khademioore, S., Sakib, M. N., Yoshida‐Montezuma, Y., Christodoulakis, N., Yassa, P., Vanama, M. S., Gamra, S., Ho, P., et al. (2025) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13894 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Body Adiposity Index is not applicable to the Brazilian adult population
da Costa, J. R. R., da Costa, R. F., Gonçalves, C. A. M., Borges, M. V. D. O., de Almeida‐Neto, P. F., de Assis, G. G., Cabral, B. G. D. A. T., & Dantas, P. M. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.888507 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationde Almeida‐Neto, P. F., Cesário, T. D. M., da Costa, R. F., de Matos, D. G., Aidar, F. J., Dantas, P. M. S., & Cabral, B. G. D. A. T. (2023) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.13161 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationBefus, E.-G., Mølland, E., Helseth, S., Westergren, T., Abildsnes, E., Hagen, M., Nolte, S., & Haraldstad, K. (2024) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-024-03834-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Fat-Free Mass Index for body composition analysis in pediatric sport: a cross-sectional study
de Almeida‐Neto, P. F., da Costa, R. F., Cesário, T. D. M., Aidar, F. J., de Matos, D. G., Dantas, P. M. S., & Cabral, B. G. D. A. T. (2023) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15377-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationAgarwal, T., Lyngdoh, T., Khadgawat, R., Dudbridge, F., Kinra, S., Relton, C. L., Smith, G. D., Ebrahim, S. B. J., Prabhakaran, D., Chandak, G. R., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-024-01570-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Susceptibility of Women of Reproductive Age to Overweight and Obesity and Their Causes
Mehdiyeva, A. F., Jafarova, A. H., & Naghiyeva, R. G. (2022) · Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini bìologìï ta sportu · doi:10.26693/jmbs07.03.165
Lahlou, Y., Aboukhalaf, A., BOURAQ, M., Oualili, H., JADOUMI, Y. E., Filali, A., Bouqadida, M., Hafid, A., Arifi, K., Makroum, K., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9972847/v1
- Authors
- Macêdo Cesário, T., Almeida‐Neto, P. F., Matos, D. G., Wells, J., Aidar, F. J., Costa, R. F., & Araújo Tinoco Cabral, B. G.
- Affiliations
- Health Sciences Center, Department of Physical Education Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN Natal RN Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (BR)
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe (BR)
- University College London (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Human Biology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-03-24
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e23599-e23599
- ISSN
- 1042-0533 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6300
- OpenAlex
- W3138327942
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 1.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Human Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Human Health and Disease
- Keywords
- body adiposity index, body fat percentage, children and adolescents, young men, hip circumference, anthropometric estimation, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, model modification, physical activity
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adolescent, Anthropometry, Child, Humans, Male, Obesity, Absorptiometry, Photon, Body Mass Index, Adiposity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
