Risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders among farm owners and farm workers: A systematic review
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A systematic review was undertaken to establish risk factors for the development of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among farmers. METHODS: Comprehensive electronic searches of Pubmed, Web of Science, CINAHL, SCOPUS, EMBASE, Agris Database, and Cochrane Library were carried out using a battery of key words for MSDs and farmers. The studies methods quality was assessed using a standardized checklist. RESULTS: Thirty-three studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The median method score was 65% of the maximum attainable score, resulting in 15 studies of higher methodological. Risks were categorized into: Work characteristics (n = 11), personal characteristics (n = 5), and psychosocial factors (n = 5). Spinal MSD risk factors include exposure to working in tree crops, vibration, postural load, being an owner operator, age, education beyond high school, suffering from asthma or depression, having <8 hr nightly sleep, bad quality sleep, and geographic location. Upper extremity MSD risk factors include being an owner operator, dust with pig workers, numbness and coldness in younger milkers and numbness in milkers >43 years, age, and body height in dairy farmers. Lower extremity MSD risk factors include, duration of farming ≥10 years, working >5 hr daily in animal barns, milking >40 cows, years as a dairy farmer, farm work, age, body mass, and female gender. CONCLUSIONS: In exploring risk factors the spine was the most researched body region, followed by lower and upper extremity. Given the variance between studies, it is recommended that future studies focus on specific types of farmers and should explore specific exposures for specific body parts using standardized case definitions.
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High levels of musculoskeletal symptoms were reported in farming populations in Europe and beyond, and specifically in Germany.
“Overall, high levels of musculoskeletal symptoms were reported in farming populations in Europe and beyond [13,14,15], but also specifically in Germany [16,17].”
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- Authors
- Osborne, A., Blake, C., Fullen, B. M., Meredith, D., Phelan, J., McNamara, J., & Cunningham, C.
- Affiliations
- Teagasc - The Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority (IE)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Osborne, Aoife
- Venue
- American Journal of Industrial Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-12-27
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 376-389
- ISSN
- 0271-3586 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0274
- OpenAlex
- W2068626206
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Industrial Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Teagasc
- University College Dublin
- South China University of Technology
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Agriculture and Farm Safety
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Keywords
- musculoskeletal disorders, farmers, farm workers, risk factors, spinal disorders, upper limb disorders, lower extremity disorders, dairy farming, milking, vibration exposure, postural load, psychosocial factors, sleep quality, occupational exposure, farm ownership
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Agricultural Workers' Diseases, Agriculture, Female, Humans, Male, Musculoskeletal Diseases, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Spinal Diseases, Workload, Upper Extremity, Lower Extremity, Occupational Injuries
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