Restriction of Access to the Dark State: A New Mechanistic Model for Heteroatom‐Containing AIE Systems
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Restriction of intramolecular motion (RIM), as the working mechanism of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE), cannot fully explain some heteroatom‐containing systems. Now, two excited states are taken into account and a mechanism, restriction of access to dark state (RADS), is specified to elaborate RIM and complete the picture of AIE mechanism. A nitrogen‐containing molecule named APA is chosen as a model compound; its weak fluorescence in solution is ascribed to the easy access from the bright (π,π*) state to the close‐lying dark (n,π*) state. By either metal complexation or aggregation, the dark state is less accessible due to restriction of the molecular motion leading to the dark state and elevation of the dark state energy, thus the bright state emission is restored. RADS is powerful in elucidating the AIE effect of molecules with excited states favoring non‐radiative decay, including overlap‐forbidden states such as (n,π*) and CT states, spin‐forbidden triplet states, and so on.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
For heteroatom-containing systems, restriction of access to dark state (RADS) has been proposed to complete the picture of the AIE mechanism.
“For heteroatom-containing systems, restriction of access to dark state (RADS) has been proposed to complete the picture of the AIE mechanism (Figure 6).142”
From The Pursuit of Shortwave Infrared-Emitting Nanoparticles with Bright Fluorescence through Molecular Design and Excited-State Engineering of Molecular Aggregates (2022) · cites this paper as [142]
Cites
Aggregation-induced emission of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4,5-pentaphenylsilole
Luo, J., Xie, Z., Lam, J. W. Y., Cheng, L., Tang, B. Z., Chen, H., Qiu, C., Kwok, H. S., Zhan, X., Liu, Y., et al. (2001) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/b105159h · Cited by 8,358 · see citing works
Self-citationAggregation-Induced Emission: Together We Shine, United We Soar!
Mei, J., Leung, N. L. C., Kwok, R. T. K., Lam, J. W. Y., & Tang, B. Z. (2015) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00263 · Cited by 8,270 · see citing works
Self-citation(1978) · Cited by 4,918 · see citing works
Grabowski, Z. R., Rotkiewicz, K., & Rettig, W. (2003) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr940745l · Cited by 3,714 · see citing works
The Triplet State and Molecular Electronic Processes in Organic Molecules
Lower, S. K., & El-Sayed, M. A. (1966) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr60240a004 · Cited by 1,146 · see citing works
Restriction of Intramolecular Motions: The General Mechanism behind Aggregation‐Induced Emission
Leung, N. L. C., Xie, N., Yuan, W. Z., Liu, Y., Wu, Q., Peng, Q., Miao, Q., Lam, J. W. Y., & Tang, B. Z. (2014) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.201403811 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Self-citationPeng, Q., Yi, Y., Shuai, Z., & Shao, J. (2007) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja067946e · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Self-citationQian, H., Cousins, M. E., Horak, E. H., Wakefield, A., Liptak, M. D., & Aprahamian, I. (2016) · Nature Chemistry · doi:10.1038/nchem.2612 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Shuai, Z., & Peng, Q. (2016) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nww024 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Self-citationRevising Intramolecular Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET) from First-Principles
Escudero, D. (2016) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00299 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Proximity effect in molecular photophysics: dynamical consequences of pseudo-Jahn-Teller interaction
Lim, E. C. (1986) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/j100284a012 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Kaanumalle, L. S., Gibb, C. L. D., Gibb, B. C., et al. (2005) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja0425381 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Yoshii, R., Nagai, A., Tanaka, K., & Chujo, Y. (2013) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.201203703 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Cai, Y., Du, L., Samedov, K., Gu, X., Qi, F., Sung, H. H. Y., Patrick, B. O., Yan, Z., Jiang, X., Zhang, H., et al. (2018) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/c8sc01170b · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationA conical intersection model to explain aggregation induced emission in diphenyl dibenzofulvene
Li, Q., & Blancafort, L. (2013) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c3cc41730a · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Liu, H., Yao, L., Li, B., Chen, X., Gao, Y. P., Zhang, S., Li, W., Lü, P., Yang, B., & Ma, Y. (2016) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c6cc01993e · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Tetraphenylfuran: aggregation-induced emission or aggregation-caused quenching?
Nie, H., Hu, K., Cai, Y., Peng, Q., Zhao, Z., Hu, R., Chen, J., Su, S., Qin, A., & Tang, B. Z. (2016) · Materials Chemistry Frontiers · doi:10.1039/c6qm00343e · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring Potential Energy Surfaces for Aggregation‐Induced Emission—From Solution to Crystal
Crespo‐Otero, R., Li, Q., & Blancafort, L. (2018) · Chemistry - An Asian Journal · doi:10.1002/asia.201801649 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Peng, X.-L., Ruiz-Barragan, S., Li, Z.-S., Li, Q.-S., & Blancafort, L. (2016) · Journal of Materials Chemistry C · doi:10.1039/c5tc03322e · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Sasaki, S., Suzuki, S., Sameera, W. M. C., Igawa, K., Morokuma, K., & Konishi, G. (2016) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.6b03749 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Aggregation Effects on the Optical Emission of 1,1,2,3,4,5-Hexaphenylsilole (HPS): A QM/MM Study
Zhang, T., Jiang, Y., Niu, Y., Wang, D., Peng, Q., & Shuai, Z. (2014) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry A · doi:10.1021/jp5021017 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationXiong, J., Yuan, Y., Wang, L., Sun, J.-P., Qiao, W., Zhang, H., Duan, M., Han, H., Zhang, S., & Zheng, Y. (2018) · Organic Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03662 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationTseng, N., Liu, J., Ng, J. C. Y., Lam, J. W. Y., Sung, H. H. Y., Williams, I. D., & Tang, B. Z. (2011) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/c1sc00690h · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationExcited-State Decay Paths in Tetraphenylethene Derivatives
Gao, Y., Chang, X., Liu, X.-Y., Li, Q., Cui, G., & Thiel, W. (2017) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry A · doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00197 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
How does tetraphenylethylene relax from its excited states?
Prlj, A., Došlić, N., & Corminboeuf, C. (2016) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c5cp04546k · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Clark, R. J., & Zhu, L. (2008) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.200701419 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Sasaki, S., Igawa, K., & Konishi, G. (2015) · Journal of Materials Chemistry C · doi:10.1039/c5tc00946d · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Drawing a clear mechanistic picture for the aggregation-induced emission process
Zhang, H., Liu, J., Du, L., Ma, C., Leung, N. L. C., Niu, Y., Qin, A., Sun, J. Z., Peng, Q., Sung, H. H. Y., et al. (2019) · Materials Chemistry Frontiers · doi:10.1039/c9qm00156e · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationRotations in Excited ICT States – Fluorescence and its Microenvironmental Sensitivity
Liese, D., & Haberhauer, G. (2018) · Israel Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1002/ijch.201800032 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Kubo, K., & Mori, A. S. (2005) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/b501361e · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Proximity effect” and radiationless transitions in aromatic molecules with non-bonding electrons
Wassam, W. A., & Lim, E. C. (1978) · Journal of Molecular Structure · doi:10.1016/0022-2860(78)87184-1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A Deep Insight into the Photoluminescence Properties of Schiff Base CdII and ZnII Complexes
Majumder, I., Chakraborty, P., Dasgupta, S., et al. (2017) · Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01692 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Tran, T., Prlj, A., Lin, K., Hollas, D., & Corminbœuf, C. (2019) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c9cp00691e · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Role of the πσ* State in Molecular Photophysics
Zgierski, M. Z., Fujiwara, T., & Lim, E. C. (2010) · Accounts of Chemical Research · doi:10.1021/ar9002043 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Leung, C. Y., Tu, Y., Tang, B. Z., & Wang, W. (2019) · Environmental Science Nano · doi:10.1039/c9en00553f · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, J., Pan, L., Peng, Q., et al. (2017) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules22101679 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Piwoński, H., Nozue, S., & Habuchi, S. (2022) · ACS Nanoscience Au · doi:10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.1c00038 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Song, Y., Xie, L., Zhang, X., Hu, Z., Li, S., Zhang, P., & Yang, X. (2024) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.149148 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tu, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, H., Peng, Q., Lam, J. W. Y., & Tang, B. Z.
- Affiliations
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HK)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Tang, Ben Zhong
- Venue
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-08-27
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 42
- Pages
- 14911-14914
- ISSN
- 1433-7851 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-3773
- OpenAlex
- W2963690895
- Cited by
- 180
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 9.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition (publishedVersion)
- ChemRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (21788102, 81501591)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Photochemistry and Electron Transfer Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Research
- Keywords
- aggregation-induced emission, restriction of intramolecular motion, dark states, excited-state mechanism, metal complexation, aggregation, nonradiative decay, charge-transfer states, organonitrogen compounds
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
