NIRII‐HDs: A Versatile Platform for Developing Activatable NIR‐II Fluorogenic Probes for Reliable In Vivo Analyte Sensing
Abstract
Small‐molecule‐based second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) activatable fluorescent probes can potentially provide a high target‐to‐background ratio and deep tissue penetration. However, most of the reported NIR‐II activatable small‐molecule probes exhibit poor versatility owing to the lack of a general and stable optically tunable group. In this study, we designed NIRII‐HDs, a novel dye scaffold optimized for NIR‐II probe development. In particular, dye NIRII‐HD5 showed the best optical properties such as proper p Ka value, excellent stability, and high NIR‐II brightness, which can be beneficial for in vivo imaging with high contrast. To demonstrate the applicability of the NIRII‐HD5 dye, we designed three target‐activatable NIR‐II probes for ROS, thiols, and enzymes. Using these novel probes, we not only realized reliable NIR‐II imaging of different diseases in mouse models but also evaluated the redox potential of liver tissue during a liver injury in vivo with high fidelity.
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Rational molecular engineering of the xanthene scaffold can effectively endow dyes with responsive and activatable properties.
“Recent progress has demonstrated that rational molecular engineering of the xanthene scaffold can effectively endow dyes with responsive and activatable properties173,184.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [173]
Xanthene dyes, particularly rhodamines and fluoresceins, have attracted considerable attention in biomedical imaging owing to outstanding photophysical properties including high molar absorptivity, excellent photostability, facile functionalization, and tunable emission.
“Xanthene dyes, particularly rhodamines and fluoresceins, have attracted considerable attention in biomedical imaging owing to their outstanding photophysical properties, including high molar absorptivity, excellent photostability, facile functionalization, and tunable emission”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [173]
NIRII-HD5 was used to construct target-activatable probes for GSH, peroxynitrite, and alkaline phosphatase.
“Building on the optimized NIRII-HD5, the team further constructed target-activatable probes for GSH, peroxynitrite, and alkaline phosphatase”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [173]
NIRII-HD displayed a 230 nm red-shift compared with O-HD and extended emission beyond 1200 nm.
“with NIRII-HD displaying a 230 nm red-shift compared with O-HD and extending emission beyond 1200 nm.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [173]
Yuan et al. developed hydroxyl-tuned NIR-II dyes NIRII-HDs by replacing the indole heterocycle of O-HD with an electron-rich decahydroquinoline benzopyran, introducing a protective benzoate group, and modulating the pKa of the phenolic hydroxyl group.
“Yuan et al. developed hydroxyl-tuned NIR-II dyes (NIRII-HDs) by replacing the indole heterocycle of O-HD with an electron-rich decahydroquinoline benzopyran, introducing a protective benzoate group, and modulating the pKa of the phenolic hydroxyl group (Fig. 10b)173.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [173]
The NIRII-HD5-derived probes enabled selective and reliable longitudinal biomarker monitoring in disease models.
“enabling selective and reliable longitudinal biomarker monitoring in disease models.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [173]
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References 125 · Cited by 140
- Authors
- Qin, Z., Ren, T., Zhou, H., Zhang, X., He, L., Li, Z., Zhang, X., & Yuan, L.
- Affiliations
- Hunan University (CN)
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
- Corresponding author
- Yuan, Lin
- Venue
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-03-11
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- e202201541-e202201541
- ISSN
- 1433-7851 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-3773
- OpenAlex
- W4214569811
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 125
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 19
- FWCI
- 10.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (22074036, 21877029, 22004033, 21735001)
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFA0210100)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Molecular Sensors and Ion Detection
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Sulfur Compounds in Biology
- Keywords
- NIR-II fluorescence, activatable fluorescent probes, small-molecule fluorescent probes, reactive oxygen species imaging, enzyme imaging, in vivo imaging, liver injury, redox potential, deep tissue imaging
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Fluorescent Dyes, Mice, Optical Imaging
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