Cephalopod origin and evolution: A congruent picture emerging from fossils, development and molecules: Extant cephalopods are younger than previously realised and were under major selection to become agile, shell‐less predators
Abstract
Cephalopods are extraordinary molluscs equipped with vertebrate-like intelligence and a unique buoyancy system for locomotion. A growing body of evidence from the fossil record, embryology and Bayesian molecular divergence estimations provides a comprehensive picture of their origins and evolution. Cephalopods evolved during the Cambrian (∼530 Ma) from a monoplacophoran-like mollusc in which the conical, external shell was modified into a chambered buoyancy apparatus. During the mid-Palaeozoic (∼416 Ma) cephalopods diverged into nautiloids and the presently dominant coleoids. Coleoids (i.e. squids, cuttlefish and octopods) internalised their shells and, in the late Palaeozoic (∼276 Ma), diverged into Vampyropoda and the Decabrachia. This shell internalisation appears to be a unique evolutionary event. In contrast, the loss of a mineralised shell has occurred several times in distinct coleoid lineages. The general tendency of shell reduction reflects a trend towards active modes of life and much more complex behaviour.
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Jaws are limited to the cephalopod crowngroup.
“They suggested that jaws are limited to the cephalopod crowngroup.”
From Palaeozoic evolution of animal mouthparts (2017) · cites this paper as Kröger et al. 2011
Assuming that consciousness in invertebrates either does not exist or arose later, the most basal conscious organisms on earth are the jawless vertebrates, represented by the lamprey.
“Assuming that consciousness in invertebrates either does not exist or that it arose later (e.g., in cephalopods, see Kroger et al., 2011), then the most basal conscious organisms on earth are the jawless vertebrates, represented by the lamprey.”
From The evolutionary and genetic origins of consciousness in the Cambrian Period over 500 million years ago (2013) · cites this paper as Kroger et al., 2011
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Kröger, B., Vinther, J., & Fuchs, D.
- Affiliations
- Museum für Naturkunde (DE)
- Yale University (US)
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Vinther, Jakob
- Venue
- BioEssays
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-06-17
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 602-613
- ISSN
- 0265-9247 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-1878
- OpenAlex
- W1924968197
- Semantic Scholar
- 2728512973c86b2756c85f6b65a5e0952e24c3ac
- Cited by
- 327
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 2.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- BioEssays (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) (acceptedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Cephalopods and Marine Biology
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- cephalopod evolution, Coleoidea, nautiloids, cephalopod behavior
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Evolution, Fossils, Hemocyanins, Morphogenesis, Phylogeny, Predatory Behavior, Selection, Genetic, Cephalopoda
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