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Cited by 176

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The evolution of menstruation: A new model for genetic assimilation: Explaining molecular origins of maternal responses to fetal invasiveness

Open access
Emera, Deena, Romero, Roberto, Wagner, Günter·2012·BioEssays

Abstract

Why do humans menstruate while most mammals do not? Here, we present our answer to this long‐debated question, arguing that (i) menstruation occurs as a mechanistic consequence of hormone‐induced differentiation of the endometrium (referred to as spontaneous decidualization, or SD); (ii) SD evolved because of maternal–fetal conflict; and (iii) SD evolved by genetic assimilation of the decidualization reaction, which is induced by the fetus in non‐menstruating species. The idea that menstruation occurs as a consequence of SD has been proposed in the past, but here we present a novel hypothesis on how SD evolved. We argue that decidualization became genetically stabilized in menstruating lineages, allowing females to prepare for pregnancy without any signal from the fetus. We present three models for the evolution of SD by genetic assimilation, based on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of endometrial differentiation and implantation. Testing these models will ultimately shed light on the evolutionary significance of menstruation, as well as on the etiology of human reproductive disorders like endometriosis and recurrent pregnancy loss.

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Metadata

Authors
Emera, D., Romero, R., & Wagner, G.
Venue
BioEssays
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2011-11-07
Volume
34
Issue
1
Pages
26-35
ISSN
  • 0265-9247 (ISSN-L)
  • 1521-1878
OpenAlex
W1580854767
Cited by
176
References
3
FWCI
0.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

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