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Cited by 32Aesthetic Perception and AnalysisUrban Green Space and HealthLandscape and Cultural Studies

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Neural correlates of appreciating natural landscape and landscape garden: Evidence from an fMRI study

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Zhang, Wei, He, Xianyou, Liu, Sizhe, Li, Ting, Li, Jinhui, Tang, Xiaoxiang, Lai, Shuxian·2019·Brain and Behavior
DOI 10.1002/brb3.1335PMC PMC6625478
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Abstract

Introduction: Rambling natural landscapes or landscape gardens may invoke positive emotions. However, the manner in which people experience landscape gardens and the cortical differences in the appreciation of the naturalness and artificiality of landscapes remain unknown. Methods: This study scanned participants with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they viewed photographs of natural landscapes and landscape gardens and performed scene type judgment task. Results: As predicted, we identified brain regions that were associated with perceptual process, cognitive process, and rewarding experience when appreciating natural landscapes and landscape gardens without color preference. Meanwhile, the contrast between the appreciation of landscape gardens and natural landscapes was characterized by stronger activations of the inferior occipital lobe, the left superior parietal lobule (SPL), the right fusiform gyrus, the right cuneus, and the right hippocampus. Conclusions: Responses in these regions indicate that the appreciation of landscape gardens and natural landscapes relies on common cortical regions, and suggest the possibility that the inferior occipital lobe, the SPL, the fusiform gyrus, and the cuneus may be specifically associated with the appreciation of landscape gardens.

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Figure 1 Experimental design, procedure and examples of stimuli. Two types of tasks were performed in separate blocks, namely, the scene type judgment (landscape garden vs. natural landscape) and the color preference judgment (baseline condition; like vs. dislike). In this figure, we used photographs taken by the authors instead of examples of the stimuli used in the scanning experiment due to licensing restrictions
Figure 1 Experimental design, procedure and examples of stimuli. Two types of tasks were performed in separate blocks, namely, the scene type judgment (landscape garden vs. natural landscape) and the color preference judgment (baseline condition; like vs. dislike). In this figure, we used photographs taken by the authors instead of examples of the stimuli used in the scanning experiment due to licensing restrictionsCC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 The main cerebral areas involved in appreciating landscape gardens without color preference. The labels from R1 to R7 in “Effect sizes” refer to: R1 = the left MTG (1.41), R2 = the right MTG (1.71), R3 = the right STG (1.44), R4 = the left SFG (1.36), R5 = the right middle cingulate (1.50), R6 = the left mOFC (1.33), R7 = the left precuneus (1.51). Effect sizes are indicated in parenthesis. mOFC, medial orbitofrontal cortex; MTG, middle temporal gyri; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; STG, superior temporal gyrus
Figure 2 The main cerebral areas involved in appreciating landscape gardens without color preference. The labels from R1 to R7 in “Effect sizes” refer to: R1 = the left MTG (1.41), R2 = the right MTG (1.71), R3 = the right STG (1.44), R4 = the left SFG (1.36), R5 = the right middle cingulate (1.50), R6 = the left mOFC (1.33), R7 = the left precuneus (1.51). Effect sizes are indicated in parenthesis. mOFC, medial orbitofrontal cortex; MTG, middle temporal gyri; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; STG, superior temporal gyrusCC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 The main cerebral areas involved in appreciating natural landscapes without color preference. The labels from R1 to R3 in “Effect sizes” refer to: R1 = the right ACC extending to the right mOFC (0.91), R2 = the left rolandic operculum (1.29), R3 = the left precuneus (1.06). Effect sizes are indicated in parenthesis. ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; mOFC, medial orbitofrontal cortex
Figure 3 The main cerebral areas involved in appreciating natural landscapes without color preference. The labels from R1 to R3 in “Effect sizes” refer to: R1 = the right ACC extending to the right mOFC (0.91), R2 = the left rolandic operculum (1.29), R3 = the left precuneus (1.06). Effect sizes are indicated in parenthesis. ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; mOFC, medial orbitofrontal cortexCC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 The conjunction results of the appreciation of natural landscapes and landscape gardens
Figure 4 The conjunction results of the appreciation of natural landscapes and landscape gardensCC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 The main cerebral areas involved in the analysis of variance between natural landscapes and landscape gardens. The labels from R1 to R6 in “Effect sizes” refer to: R1 = left IOG extending to the MOG (1.41), R2 = right IOG extending to the fusiform gyrus (2.12), R3 = the right hippocampus (0.88), R4 = the right cuneus (0.77), R5 = the left SPL (0.56), R6 = the SMA (0.76). Effect sizes are indicated in parenthesis. IOG, inferior occipital gyrus; MOG, middle occipital gyrus; SMA, supplementary motor area; SPL, superior parietal lobule
Figure 5 The main cerebral areas involved in the analysis of variance between natural landscapes and landscape gardens. The labels from R1 to R6 in “Effect sizes” refer to: R1 = left IOG extending to the MOG (1.41), R2 = right IOG extending to the fusiform gyrus (2.12), R3 = the right hippocampus (0.88), R4 = the right cuneus (0.77), R5 = the left SPL (0.56), R6 = the SMA (0.76). Effect sizes are indicated in parenthesis. IOG, inferior occipital gyrus; MOG, middle occipital gyrus; SMA, supplementary motor area; SPL, superior parietal lobuleCC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Zhang, W., He, X., Liu, S., Li, T., Li, J., Tang, X., & Lai, S.
Affiliations
  • South China Normal University (CN)
  • State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science (CN)
  • Preschool Education Guidance Center of Tianhe District Public Kindergarten of Guangzhou Government Guangzhou P. R. China
Corresponding author
  • He, Xianyou
  • Tang, Xiaoxiang
ORCID
Venue
Brain and Behavior
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2019-06
Volume
9
Issue
7
Pages
e01335-e01335
ISSN
  • 2157-9032 (ISSN-L)
  • 2162-3279
DOI
10.1002/brb3.1335
PMC
PMC6625478
OpenAlex
W2947060376
Cited by
32
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1
FWCI
1.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Brain and Behavior (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Natural Science Foundation of China (31671132)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
  • Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Architecture › Landscape and Cultural Studies
Keywords
landscape appreciation, natural landscapes, landscape gardens, neural correlates, superior parietal lobule, fusiform gyrus, hippocampus, cuneus, landscape perception
MeSH terms
Gardens, Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Female, Humans, Judgment, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Photography, Reward, Young Adult

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Neural correlates of appreciating natural landscape and landscape garden: Evidence from an fMRI study. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/brb3.1335
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Zhang, W., He, X., Liu, S., Li, T., Li, J., Tang, X., & Lai, S. (2019). Neural correlates of appreciating natural landscape and landscape garden: Evidence from an fMRI study. Brain and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1335