Innovations in group-based psilocybin-assisted therapy of major depression in patients with cancer
Open accessAbstract
Several recent studies have investigated psilocybin as a novel therapeutic compound for the treatment of existential distress in patients with cancer, demonstrating persistent, positive effects on mood. This editorial discusses two articles in the current issue of Cancer that report findings of a group‐based psilocybin‐assisted intervention for treatment of depression in patients diagnosed with cancer.
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Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
21 of 27 cited sources checked · 15 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
A blinded, placebo-controlled study found comparable reductions in depression, anxiety, and stress in participants in group-based ceremonies whether they received ayahuasca or placebo.
“These findings are consistent with results from a blinded, placebo-controlled study (N = 30) demonstrating that participants in group-based ceremonies showed comparable reductions in depression, anxiety, and stress whether they received ayahuasca or placebo, indicating a potential therapeutic effect of the groupbased ceremony in itself.13”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] 13. Uthaug MV, Mason NL, Toennes SW, et al. A placebo-controlled study of the effects of ayahuasca, set and setting on mental health of participants in ayahuasca group retreats. Psychophar- macology (Berl). 2021;238(7):1899-1910. doi:10.1007/s00213-021- 05817-8 source
- Premisecitation
Research in healthy participants suggests that group-based aftercare in addition to standard 2-on-1 support models can amplify well-being benefits of individual high-dose psilocybin sessions.
“Similarly, research in healthy participants (N = 75) suggests group-based aftercare in addition to standard 2-on-1 support models can amplify well-being benefits of individual high-dose psilocybin sessions.11”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] 11. Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Richards WA, et al. Psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psycholog- ical functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and be- haviors. J Psychopharmacol Oxf Engl. 2018;32(1):49-69. doi:10.1177/ 0269881117731279 source
The Methods (Study design and overview; Guide–participant meetings and support for spiritual practice; page unavailable) describe 75 healthy participants, individual sessions with two guides, and additional dialogue-group meetings in the high-support condition. The Results (Persisting effects assessed at the 6-month follow-up; page unavailable) report greater positive effects on some measures in the high-dose/high-support group than in the high-dose/standard-support group. But high support also involved substantially more individual guide meetings, so the study does not isolate group-based aftercare as the reason for amplified benefits. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The phase 2 trial reported a significant reduction in depression scores from baseline to 8-week follow-up.
“The study reported a significant reduction in depression scores from baseline to 8-week followup.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Agrawal M, Richards W, Beaussant Y, et al. Psilocybin-assisted group therapy in patients with cancer diagnosed with a major depressive disorder. Cancer. 2023. doi:10.1002/cncr.35010 source
- Premisecitation
In the phase 2 trial, a sustained response was observed in 80% of patients at 8-week follow-up.
“A sustained response was observed in 80% of patients and full remission of depressive symptoms observed in 50% of patients at 8week follow-up.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Agrawal M, Richards W, Beaussant Y, et al. Psilocybin-assisted group therapy in patients with cancer diagnosed with a major depressive disorder. Cancer. 2023. doi:10.1002/cncr.35010 source
- Premisecitation
Both articles in the current issue are based on a phase 2 open-label trial (N = 30) assessing the impact of single-dose psilocybin on depressive symptoms among patients with cancer and major depressive disorder.
“Both articles are based on a phase 2 open-label trial (N = 30) assessing the impact of single-dose psilocybin on depressive symptoms among patients with cancer and major depressive disorder.14”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Agrawal M, Richards W, Beaussant Y, et al. Psilocybin-assisted group therapy in patients with cancer diagnosed with a major depressive disorder. Cancer. 2023. doi:10.1002/cncr.35010 source
- Premisecitation
A follow-up qualitative interview study was conducted among a subset of participants (N = 28) to explore participant acceptability of psilocybin-assisted group therapy.
“A follow-up qualitative interview study was conducted among a subset of participants in the trial (N = 28) to explore participant acceptability of psilocybin-assisted group therapy.15”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] 15. Beaussant Y, Tarbi E, Nigam K, et al. Acceptability of psilocybin- assisted group therapy in patients with cancer and major depres- sive disorder: qualitative analysis. Cancer. 2023. doi:10.1002/cncr. 35024 source
- Premisecitation
In the phase 2 trial, full remission of depressive symptoms was observed in 50% of patients at 8-week follow-up.
“A sustained response was observed in 80% of patients and full remission of depressive symptoms observed in 50% of patients at 8week follow-up.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Agrawal M, Richards W, Beaussant Y, et al. Psilocybin-assisted group therapy in patients with cancer diagnosed with a major depressive disorder. Cancer. 2023. doi:10.1002/cncr.35010 source
- Interpretationcitation
The group-based ceremony itself may have a therapeutic effect.
“indicating a potential therapeutic effect of the groupbased ceremony in itself.13”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] 13. Uthaug MV, Mason NL, Toennes SW, et al. A placebo-controlled study of the effects of ayahuasca, set and setting on mental health of participants in ayahuasca group retreats. Psychophar- macology (Berl). 2021;238(7):1899-1910. doi:10.1007/s00213-021- 05817-8 source
- Premisecitation
Some patients may experience a worsening of symptoms with psilocybin treatments.
“Despite the recent enthusiasm over psychedelics, studies (including the ones in this issue) show that not every patient will benefit from these treatments, and some patients may even experience a worsening of symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Agrawal M, Richards W, Beaussant Y, et al. Psilocybin-assisted group therapy in patients with cancer diagnosed with a major depressive disorder. Cancer. 2023. doi:10.1002/cncr.35010 source
- cites [15] 15. Beaussant Y, Tarbi E, Nigam K, et al. Acceptability of psilocybin- assisted group therapy in patients with cancer and major depres- sive disorder: qualitative analysis. Cancer. 2023. doi:10.1002/cncr. 35024 source
In “Disruptive factors emerging from the group/simultaneous setting” (page not provided), one participant said the group format added anxiety to an experience they had hoped would be therapeutic. That supports a narrower account of increased anxiety during group therapy, but the paper does not report a worsening of patients’ depressive symptoms after psilocybin treatment; its Introduction instead reports sustained depressive-symptom responses in 80% of the trial participants. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationreasoning
Group-based delivery of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy can also have drawbacks.
“However, despite these advantages, this study highlights that group-based delivery of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy can also have drawbacks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Agrawal M, Richards W, Beaussant Y, et al. Psilocybin-assisted group therapy in patients with cancer diagnosed with a major depressive disorder. Cancer. 2023. doi:10.1002/cncr.35010 source
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that the group approach was safe and feasible and notes that the study could not statistically adjust for a possible group effect. Neither that limitation nor the passages on adverse events identify a drawback of group-based delivery itself. Searches for group-format challenges and negative group experiences found no passage making the attributed point. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [15] 15. Beaussant Y, Tarbi E, Nigam K, et al. Acceptability of psilocybin- assisted group therapy in patients with cancer and major depres- sive disorder: qualitative analysis. Cancer. 2023. doi:10.1002/cncr. 35024 source
- Premisecitation
Studies (including the ones in this issue) show that not every patient will benefit from psilocybin treatments.
“Despite the recent enthusiasm over psychedelics, studies (including the ones in this issue) show that not every patient will benefit from these treatments, and some patients may even experience a worsening of symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Agrawal M, Richards W, Beaussant Y, et al. Psilocybin-assisted group therapy in patients with cancer diagnosed with a major depressive disorder. Cancer. 2023. doi:10.1002/cncr.35010 source
- cites [15] 15. Beaussant Y, Tarbi E, Nigam K, et al. Acceptability of psilocybin- assisted group therapy in patients with cancer and major depres- sive disorder: qualitative analysis. Cancer. 2023. doi:10.1002/cncr. 35024 source
- Interpretationreasoning
The logistics of providing psilocybin-assisted therapy raise important limitations to eventual scalability, particularly because a specifically trained workforce will likely be required.
“As such, the treatment provision logistics raise important limitations to eventual scalability, particularly when considering that a specifically trained workforce for these types of treatments will likely be required.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Psychotherapeutic support for psilocybin treatment has typically been provided to each participant to ensure safety, with two facilitators required for the psilocybin administration session that may last up to 10 hours.
- Premisecitation
Observational research has shown successful adaptation of indigenous group-based ayahuasca administration models for reducing problematic substance use.
“Observational research has also shown successful adaptation of indigenous group-based ayahuasca administration models (N = 12) for reducing problematic substance use.12”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] 12. Thomas G, Lucas P, Capler NR, Tupper KW, Martin G. Ayahuasca- assisted therapy for addiction: results from a preliminary observa- tional study in Canada. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2013;6(1):30-42. doi:10. 2174/15733998113099990003 source
- Premisecitation
Several recent studies have demonstrated persistent, positive effects of psilocybin on mood in patients with cancer with existential distress (e.g., depressed mood, anxiety).
“Several recent studies have investigated psilocybin as a novel therapeutic compound for the treatment of existential distress (e.g., depressed mood, anxiety) in patients with cancer, demonstrating persistent, positive effects on mood.[3][4][5]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3][4][5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
A recent study on MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD reported that >90% of intervention costs were due to clinician compensation.
“A recent study on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder reported that >90% of intervention costs were due to clinician compensation, 18”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] 18. Marseille E, Mitchell JM, Kahn JG. Updated cost-effectiveness of MDMA-assisted therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: findings from a phase 3 trial. PLoS One. 2022;17(2):e0263252. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263 252 source
- Interpretationnone given
The main innovation of the study is the group-based delivery of preparation and aftercare sessions and simultaneous administration of psilocybin to several participants.
“The main innovation of the study is the group-based delivery of preparation and aftercare sessions and simultaneous administration of psilocybin to several participants.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Both of these studies show that the costs of psychedelic-assisted therapy are primarily driven by the psychotherapy component.
“Both of these studies show that the costs of psychedelic-assisted therapy are primarily driven by the psychotherapy component.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Given the consistency of potential benefits and safety of psilocybin for depression in patients diagnosed with cancer, wider use and greater demand is likely.
“In conclusion, given the consistency of potential benefits and safety of psilocybin for depression in patients diagnosed with cancer, wider use and greater demand is likely.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Group formats raise a methodological concern: breaking the assumption of independence of observations.
“Although group formats offer several advantages, especially related to reduced cost and potential therapeutic benefits, this approach raises a methodological concern: breaking the assumption of independence of observations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 12
- May combine two claims. 6
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationA British study concluded that psilocybin for treatment of depression can be cost-effective compared to established treatments (SSRIs, CBT) only if therapist costs were reduced by 25%-50%.
“whereas a British study concluded that psilocybin for treatment of depression can be cost-effective compared to established treatments of depression (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, cognitive behavioral therapy) only if therapist costs were reduced by 25%-50% 19”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] 19. McCrone P, Fisher H, Knight C, et al. Cost-effectiveness of psilocybin- assisted therapy for severe depression: exploratory findings from a decision analytic model. Psychol Med. 2023:1-8. Published online June 2. doi:10.1017/S0033291723001411 source
The Results report that, from a societal perspective, psilocybin met the £30,000 cost-effectiveness threshold against medication alone or psychological therapy alone at a drug cost of £400 per person, without stating that therapist costs had to be reduced. The paper also finds cost-effectiveness in scenarios with 25%–50% lower therapist-support costs, but those reductions are not an 'only if' condition. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationGroup preparation and aftercare for individual psilocybin dosing sessions can be feasibly implemented in older long-term AIDS survivor men, with persisting reductions in demoralization up to 3 months after the intervention.
“Previous research has found that group preparation and aftercare for individual psilocybin dosing sessions can be feasibly implemented in clinical populations such as older long-term AIDS survivor men (N = 18), who showed persisting reductions in demoralization up to 3 months after the intervention.10”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] 10. Anderson BT, Danforth A, Daroff PR, et al. Psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: an open-label safety and feasibility pilot study. EClinicalMedicine. 2020; 27:100538. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100538 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationParticipants in the qualitative study reported overall positive experiences with the group format, mirroring the improvement in quantitative outcomes.
“Participants reported overall positive experiences with the group format, mirroring the improvement in quantitative outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] 15. Beaussant Y, Tarbi E, Nigam K, et al. Acceptability of psilocybin- assisted group therapy in patients with cancer and major depres- sive disorder: qualitative analysis. Cancer. 2023. doi:10.1002/cncr. 35024 source
May combine two claims.
Premiseown dataIn the phase 2 trial, there was an absence of serious adverse events (SAEs) or suicidality.
“Also notable was the absence of serious adverse events (SAEs) or suicidality, as concerns have emerged following reports of SAEs in a recent large trial on psilocybin for treatmentresistant depression.6”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Agrawal M, Richards W, Beaussant Y, et al. Psilocybin-assisted group therapy in patients with cancer diagnosed with a major depressive disorder. Cancer. 2023. doi:10.1002/cncr.35010 source
The Safety section reports no suicidality and no serious adverse events attributed to psilocybin. The citing sentence omits that attribution qualifier, so the paper does not establish an absence of serious adverse events from any cause. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSpecific benefits of the group format mentioned by participants included a feeling of safety and preparedness and a sense of connection to others in the group that may have supported treatment outcomes.
“Specific benefits of the group format mentioned by participants included a feeling of safety and preparedness and a sense of connection to others in the group that may have supported treatment outcomes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] 15. Beaussant Y, Tarbi E, Nigam K, et al. Acceptability of psilocybin- assisted group therapy in patients with cancer and major depres- sive disorder: qualitative analysis. Cancer. 2023. doi:10.1002/cncr. 35024 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRacial and/or ethnic diversity of participants was relatively low in the trial in question, similar to other psilocybin studies.
“Racial and/or ethnic diversity of participants was relatively low in the trial in question, similar to other psilocybin studies, and no information on income was provided.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Agrawal M, Richards W, Beaussant Y, et al. Psilocybin-assisted group therapy in patients with cancer diagnosed with a major depressive disorder. Cancer. 2023. doi:10.1002/cncr.35010 source
The Discussion identifies a lack of diversity or representation as a limitation, and Table 1 reports that 80% of participants were Caucasian. The paper does not compare its participants’ racial or ethnic diversity with that of other psilocybin studies, so the comparison is not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationNo information on income was provided in the trial.
“Racial and/or ethnic diversity of participants was relatively low in the trial in question, similar to other psilocybin studies, and no information on income was provided.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Agrawal M, Richards W, Beaussant Y, et al. Psilocybin-assisted group therapy in patients with cancer diagnosed with a major depressive disorder. Cancer. 2023. doi:10.1002/cncr.35010 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenTherapeutic support accompanying psilocybin treatment has received less attention as a possible therapeutic mechanism in the published literature.
“psilocybin treatment is commonly accompanied by therapeutic support (specifically in the form of preparatory sessions, nondirected support during drug dosing, and aftercare), which has received less attention as a possible therapeutic mechanism in the published literature.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningIn the psychedelic research context, accounting for dependencies of participants clustered in groups would be exceedingly difficult due to the costs involved.
“However, the psychedelic research context would make that exceedingly difficult due to the costs involved.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe assumption of independence of observations is due to the potential for participants within a group to influence one another beneficially or detrimentally.
“This assumption is part of most statistical tools and is due to the potential for participants within a group to influence one another beneficially or detrimentally, and thus statistical tests should account for dependencies of individual participants clustered in groups.20”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] 20. Baldwin SA, Murray DM, Shadish WR. Empirically supported treat- ments or type I errors? Problems with the analysis of data from group- administered treatments. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2005;73(5):924-935. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.924 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningA unique risk of group-based therapy may be the juxtaposition of experiences and subsequent disillusionment among those patients who did not have profound experiences or did not improve as much as others.
“A unique risk of group-based therapy may be the juxtaposition of experiences and subsequent disillusionment among those patients who did not have profound experiences or did not improve as much as others.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
PremisecitationStatistical tests should account for dependencies of individual participants clustered in groups.
“This assumption is part of most statistical tools and is due to the potential for participants within a group to influence one another beneficially or detrimentally, and thus statistical tests should account for dependencies of individual participants clustered in groups.20”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] 20. Baldwin SA, Murray DM, Shadish WR. Empirically supported treat- ments or type I errors? Problems with the analysis of data from group- administered treatments. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2005;73(5):924-935. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.924 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe primary advantage of the group-based format is that it reduces staffing costs and therefore could increase access.
“The primary advantage of this format is that it reduces staffing costs and therefore could increase access.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenWe currently do not have evidence for who is a good candidate for group-based versus individual psilocybin therapy.
“We currently do not have evidence for who is a good candidate for group-based versus individual psilocybin therapy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe assumption of independence of observations is part of most statistical tools.
“This assumption is part of most statistical tools and is due to the potential for participants within a group to influence one another beneficially or detrimentally, and thus statistical tests should account for dependencies of individual participants clustered in groups.20”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20] 20. Baldwin SA, Murray DM, Shadish WR. Empirically supported treat- ments or type I errors? Problems with the analysis of data from group- administered treatments. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2005;73(5):924-935. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.924 source
The paper relies on this without support.
Psychotherapeutic support for psilocybin treatment has typically been provided to each participant to ensure safety, with two facilitators required for the psilocybin administration session that may last up to 10 hours.
“This psychotherapeutic support has been typically provided to each participant to ensure safety, with two facilitators required for the psilocybin administration session that may last up to 10 hours.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Group-based administration of psychedelic compounds is common in some Indigenous ritualistic psychedelic use and underground contexts.
“Moreover, group-based administration of psychedelic compounds is common in some Indigenous ritualistic psychedelic use and underground contexts, pointing to a mode of administration that others have found beneficial outside of the medical context.”
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Hallucinogen-Assisted Psychotherapy for Trauma Disorders: A Bionian Lens
Miller, C. W. T., & Kozak, Z. (2026) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2026.54.2.308
Self-citationHenningfield, J. E., Barrett, F. S., Evans, S., Garcia-Romeu, A., Garrett, B. E., Hienz, R., Lukas, S., Nayak, S. M., Strain, E. C., Weerts, E., et al. (2026) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251398801 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…psychedelic research programs worldwide, as well as by pharmaceutical developers, as evidenced in this special issue of the Journal of Psychopharmacology and briefly summarized in its Introduction (Agrawal et al., 2024; Beaussant et al., 2024; Heal et al., 2018, 2023, 2025; Thrul et al., 2024).”
Self-citation
- Authors
- Thrul, J., Kozak, Z., Carducci, M. A., Garcia‐Romeu, A., & Yaden, D. B.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thrul, Johannes
- Venue
- Cancer
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-12-18
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1028-1030
- ISSN
- 0008-543X (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0142
- OpenAlex
- W4389895405
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- Steven and Alexandra Cohen Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- psilocybin, psilocybin-assisted therapy, major depressive disorder, cancer patients, group intervention, existential suffering, mood, psychedelic therapy
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Neoplasms, Psilocybin
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.
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