Cerebellar Control of Posture and Movement

Abstract

The sections in this article are: 1 Introduction 1.1 Concepts of Cerebellar Function 1.2 Localization in the Cerebellum: Functional Anatomy 1.2.1 Summary: Localization in the Cerebellum 2 What Aspects of Movements are Controlled? 2.1 Overview 2.2 Classification of Movements 2.2.1 Simple Movements 2.2.2 Compound Movements 2.2.3 Summary: Classification of Movements 2.3 A Frame of Reference 2.3.1 Speed and Accuracy 2.3.2 Motor Programs and Cerebellar Circuit 2.3.3 Summary: A Frame of Reference 2.4 Cerebellar Control 2.4.1 Compound Movements 2.4.2 Simple Movements 2.4.3 Summary: Cerebellar Control 2.5 Muscle Tone and Force 2.5.1 Description 2.5.2 Analysis of α- and γ-Motoneurons 2.5.3 Summary: Muscle Tone and Force 3 Microanatomy 3.1 Fundamental Cerebellar Circuit 3.2 Summary: Microanatomy 4 Cellular Roles in Cerebellar Function 4.1 Discharge Properties 4.1.1 Firing Frequencies 4.1.2 The Role of the Purkinje Cell 4.1.3 Mossy Fibers 4.1.4 Climbing Fibers 4.1.5 Summary: Discharge Properties 4.2 Relation of Discharge to Behavioral Events 4.2.1 Topographic Relation Between Body Parts and Cerebellum 4.2.2 Relation of Cerebellar Nuclear Activity to Sequencing of Movements and to Postural Holds 4.2.3 Modes: Rapid Versus Slow Movements and Reciprocal Contraction Versus Cocontraction 4.2.4 Parameters of Movement: Force, Muscle Pattern, Position, Direction, Intent, Abstract Commands, and Hierarchical Schema 4.2.5 Output Targets: α-Motoneurons, γ-Motoneurons, and Interneurons 4.2.6 Mystery of Climbing Fiber and Theory of Adaptive Motor Control 4.2.7 Summary: Relation of Discharge to Behavioral Events 5 General Summary 5.1 What Aspects of Movements Are Controlled by the Cerebellum? 5.2 What Are the Roles of the Individual Cells Within the Cerebellar Circuit?