Proprioceptive Feedback and Movement Regulation

Abstract

The sections in this article are: 1 Sensory Feedback: Historical Background 1.1 Reflected Action: The “Sentient Principle” 1.2 Motor Effects of Sensory Loss 1.3 Central Pattern Generators and Sensory Feedback 2 Structure and Response Properties of Proprioceptors 2.1 Muscle Spindles 2.1.1 Spindle Structure 2.1.2 Spindle Response Properties 2.1.3 Spindle Models 2.2 Tendon Organs 2.2.1 Structure and Response Properties 2.2.2 Tendon Organ Models 2.3 Spindle and Tendon Organ Densities: A Clue as to Function? 2.4 Proprioceptors in Joints, Ligaments, and Skin 2.5 Invertebrate Proprioceptors 3 Response Properties of Proprioceptors During Active Movement 3.1 Methodology 3.2 Muscle Spindles 3.2.1 Voluntary Movements in Animals 3.2.2 Voluntary Movements in Humans 3.2.3 Task-Related Fusimotor Set 3.2.4 Central Control of the Fusimotor System 3.3 Tendon Organs 3.3.1 Animal Data 3.3.2 Human Neurography Data 3.4 Skin and Joint Afferents 3.4.1 Human Data 3.5 Invertebrate Proprioceptors 4 Feedback Control 4.1 Basic Concepts, Definitions, and Types of Control System 4.1.1 Proportional Control 4.1.2 Finite State (Conditional) Control 4.1.3 Adaptive (Self-Organizing) Control 4.1.4 Predictive (Feedforward) Control 4.1.5 Neural Networks: Sensorimotor Maps 4.1.6 Fuzzy Logic 4.2 Proprioceptive Control 4.2.1 Proportional Control (Stretch Reflexes) 4.2.2 Positive Force Feedback? 4.2.3 Inherent Feedback Due to Muscle Properties 4.2.4 Finite State Control: The Logic of Postural Constraints 4.2.5 Proprioception and the Higher Centers: Adaptive and Predictive Control 4.2.6 Multivariate “Fuzzy” Logic 5 conclusion5 Conclusion