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Cited by 1,096Motor Control and AdaptationRobotic Locomotion and ControlMuscle activation and electromyography studies

Dynamic Sensorimotor Interactions in Locomotion

Rossignol, Serge, Dubuc, Réjean, Gossard, Jean-Pierre·2006·Physiological Reviews
DOI 10.1152/physrev.00028.2005
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Abstract

Locomotion results from intricate dynamic interactions between a central program and feedback mechanisms. The central program relies fundamentally on a genetically determined spinal circuitry (central pattern generator) capable of generating the basic locomotor pattern and on various descending pathways that can trigger, stop, and steer locomotion. The feedback originates from muscles and skin afferents as well as from special senses (vision, audition, vestibular) and dynamically adapts the locomotor pattern to the requirements of the environment. The dynamic interactions are ensured by modulating transmission in locomotor pathways in a state- and phase-dependent manner. For instance, proprioceptive inputs from extensors can, during stance, adjust the timing and amplitude of muscle activities of the limbs to the speed of locomotion but be silenced during the opposite phase of the cycle. Similarly, skin afferents participate predominantly in the correction of limb and foot placement during stance on uneven terrain, but skin stimuli can evoke different types of responses depending on when they occur within the step cycle. Similarly, stimulation of descending pathways may affect the locomotor pattern in only certain phases of the step cycle. Section ii reviews dynamic sensorimotor interactions mainly through spinal pathways. Section iii describes how similar sensory inputs from the spinal or supraspinal levels can modify locomotion through descending pathways. The sensorimotor interactions occur obviously at several levels of the nervous system. Section iv summarizes presynaptic, interneuronal, and motoneuronal mechanisms that are common at these various levels. Together these mechanisms contribute to the continuous dynamic adjustment of sensorimotor interactions, ensuring that the central program and feedback mechanisms are congruous during locomotion.

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  • Inputs from proprioceptors must be regulated during active movement to prevent self-movement from triggering inappropriate reflexes and to protect the limb from unexpected obstacles.

    “Inputs from proprioceptors must be regulated during active movement81 for two main reasons. If the proprioceptors are too sensitive, they could be triggered by self-movements and initiate inappropriate reflexes. If they are not sensitive enough, they could fail to protect the limb (for example, if an unexpected obstacle is struck).”

    From Corollary discharge across the animal kingdom (2008) · cites this paper as [81]

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Authors
Rossignol, S., Dubuc, R., & Gossard, J.-P.
Affiliations
Université de Montréal (CA)
ORCID
Venue
Physiological Reviews
Publisher
American Physiological Society
Published
2006-01
Volume
86
Issue
1
Pages
89-154
ISSN
  • 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
  • 1522-1210
DOI
10.1152/physrev.00028.2005
OpenAlex
W2169109050
Cited by
1,096
References
624
Citations by year
2026: 30 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 68
FWCI
2.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Robotic Locomotion and Control
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
Keywords
locomotion, sensorimotor interaction, central pattern generator, spinal locomotor circuits, descending motor pathways, proprioception, skin afferents, phase-dependent modulation, presynaptic inhibition, interneurons, motor neurons, locomotor adaptation, gait
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, Interneurons, Locomotion, Nerve Net, Sensation, Spinal Cord, Synapses, Synaptic Membranes

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