Upgrading of Bio-Oil Model Compounds and Bio-Crude into Biofuel by Electrocatalysis: A Review
Abstract
Limited availability of fossil energy and serious environmental pollution have caused the emergence of bio-oil, which can serve as an alternative and promising green energy source. However, bio-oil generated from the rapid pyrolysis of biomass cannot be utilized immediately owing to its corrosivity, instability, and low heating value. Herein, the electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) process towards bio-oil upgrading is reviewed. Specifically, the ECH integrates the advantages of mild operating conditions, no petrochemically derived hydrogen and good controllability. The influence of different factors on the conversion of bio-oil components and product selectivity in the ECH process are presented comprehensively. In addition, various reaction mechanisms are discussed in the designed ECH systems. Finally, some challenges need to be further overcome for real bio-oil reduction in the ECH process: exploration of efficient multifunctional electrocatalysts for specific bio-oil components and determination of the dominant steps in the complicated reaction path network.
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Both raw syngas and raw bio-oil require upgrading.
“However, both raw products require upgrading [141,142].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [142]
Biofuels often exhibit higher oxygen concentrations compared to traditional petroleum feedstocks, with typical values, particularly in less refined forms like py-oil, potentially ranging from 20 to 60 wt.%, though precise ranges vary significantly with fuel type and processing.
“Chemically, biofuels often exhibit higher oxygen concentrations compared to traditional petroleum feedstocks, with typical values, particularly in less refined forms like py-oil, potentially ranging from 20 to 60 wt.%, though precise ranges vary significantly with fuel type and processing [141,142].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [142]
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Brisach-Wittmeyer, A., Bouchard, N.-A., Breault, R., et al. (2006) · Canadian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1139/v06-169 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pyrolysis of rice husk in molten lithium chloride: Biochar structure evolution and CO2 adsorption
Li, B., Li, M., Xie, X., Li, C., & Liu, D. (2024) · Journal of the Energy Institute · doi:10.1016/j.joei.2024.101526 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions
Yılbaşı, Z. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17136145 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chen, G., Liang, L., Li, N., Lu, X., Yan, B., & Cheng, Z.
- Affiliations
- Tianjin University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Ning
- Venue
- ChemSusChem
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-01-05
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1037-1052
- ISSN
- 1864-5631 (ISSN-L)
- 1864-564X
- OpenAlex
- W3113674179
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 0.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ChemSusChem (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (51676138, 51878557)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
- Keywords
- bio-oil upgrading, electrocatalytic hydrogenation, biocrude, electrocatalysts, product selectivity, reaction mechanism, biofuel production
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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