The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Two‐Photon Fluorescent Probes for Bioimaging
Open accessAbstract
With the extensive use of two‐photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) in the biomedical field, the need for development of fluorescent probes with improved two‐photon fluorescence (2PF) properties has triggered extensive studies in the synthesis of new probes that undergo efficient two‐photon absorption (2PA). In order to provide a more comprehensive comparison of fluorophores for 2PF bioimaging, a figure of merit (F M) was developed by normalizing the 2PA action cross‐section, a commonly used parameter for characterizing bioimaging 2PF probes, by the photodecomposition quantum yield. Another important aspect of developing 2PA fluorophores is hydrophilicity. Although hydrophilic fluorophores are generally preferred in 2PFM bioimaging, hydrophobic fluorophores are typically easier to synthesize and purify, and have been used successfully in 2PFM bioimaging. The methodologies of dispersing hydrophobic fluorophores into aqueous media, such as in a DMSO/water mixture, micelles, silica nanoparticles, or forming polymer nanoparticles, are reviewed. The design and synthesis of hydrophilic 2PA fluorophores, achieved by introducing polyethylene glycol (PEG), anionic acid groups, cationic ammonium salt, and PAMAM dendrimers, is presented. Introduction of specificity to target certain biomarkers via labeling of antibodies, DNA, smallbioactive molecules, and peptides, and for the sensing of sepcific cations and pH, is also reviewed.
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Cites
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Cited by
Small-Molecule Two-Photon Probes for Bioimaging Applications
Kim, H. M., & Cho, B. R. (2015) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr5004425 · Cited by 1,047
Carbon-based nanomaterials as an emerging platform for theranostics
Patel, K. D., Singh, R. K., & Kim, H.-W. (2019) · Materials Horizons · doi:10.1039/c8mh00966j · Cited by 555
Two-photon luminescent metal complexes for bioimaging and cancer phototherapy
Chen, Y., Guan, R., Zhang, C., Huang, J., Ji, L., & Chao, H. (2016) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2015.09.010 · Cited by 259
A structural remedy toward bright dipolar fluorophores in aqueous media
Singha, S., Kim, D., Roy, B., Sambasivan, S., Moon, H., Rao, A. S., Kim, J. Y., Joo, T., Park, J. W., Rhee, Y. M., et al. (2015) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/c5sc01076d · Cited by 170
Two-Photon Absorption: An Open Door to the NIR-II Biological Window?
Shaw, P. A., Forsyth, E., Haseeb, F., Yang, S., Bradley, M., & Klausen, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2022.921354 · Cited by 75
Metadata
- Authors
- Yao, S., & Belfield, K. D.
- Venue
- European Journal of Organic Chemistry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-05-07
- Volume
- 2012
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 3199-3217
- ISSN
- 1099-0690 (ISSN-L)
- 1434-193X
- OpenAlex
- W2025281064
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 59
- FWCI
- 16.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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