Fate of trace organic compounds during vadose zone soil treatment in an onsite wastewater system
Open accessAbstract
During onsite wastewater treatment, trace organic compounds are often present in the effluents applied to subsurface soils for advanced treatment during vadose zone percolation and groundwater recharge. The fate of the endocrine-disrupting surfactant metabolites 4-nonylphenol (NP), 4-nonylphenolmonoethoxylate (NP1EO), and 4-nonylphenolmonoethoxycarboxylate (NP1EC), metal-chelating agents ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), antimicrobial agent triclosan, stimulant caffeine, and antibiotic sulfamethoxazole during transport through an unsaturated sandy loam soil was studied at a field-scale test site. To assess the effects of effluent quality and hydraulic loading rate (HLR) on compound fate in the soil profile, two effluents (septic tank or textile biofilter) were applied at two design HLRs (2 or 8 cm/d). Chemical concentrations were determined in the two effluents and soil pore water at 60, 120, and 240 cm below the soil infiltrative surface. Concentrations of trace organic compounds in septic tank effluent were reduced by more than 90% during transport through 240 cm (often within 60 cm) of soil, likely due to sorption and biotransformation. However, the concentration of NP increased with depth in the shallow soil profile. Additional treatment of anaerobic septic tank effluent with an aerobic textile biofilter reduced effluent concentrations of many compounds, but generally did not affect any changes in pore water concentrations. The soil profile receiving septic tank effluent (vs. textile biofilter effluent) generally had greater percent removal efficiencies. EDTA, NP, NP1EC, and sulfamethoxazole were measured in soil pore water, indicating the ability of some trace organic compounds to reach shallow groundwater. Risk is highly dependent on the degree of further treatment in the saturated zone and the types and proximity of uses for the receiving groundwater environment.
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Septic systems are sources of organic wastewater compounds such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and organophosphate flame retardants.
“septic systems are also sources of organic wastewater compounds (OWCs), such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and organophosphate flame retardants (Hinkle et al., 2005;Swartz et al., 2006;Conn et al., 2010).”
From Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer (2016) · cites this paper as Conn et al., 2010
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- Authors
- Conn, K. E., Siegrist, R. L., Barber, L. B., & Meyer, M. T.
- Affiliations
- Colorado School of Mines (US)
- United States Geological Survey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Siegrist, Robert L.
- Venue
- Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-10-08
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 285-293
- ISSN
- 0730-7268 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-8618
- OpenAlex
- W2024433729
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes for Water Resources
- U.S. Geological Survey
- Water Resources Research Institute, North Carolina State University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Environmental Chemistry and Analysis
- Keywords
- trace organic compounds, vadose zone, on-site wastewater treatment, septic tank effluent, 4-nonylphenol, EDTA, NTA, triclosan, caffeine, sulfamethoxazole, hydraulic loading rate, soil sorption, biotransformation, groundwater recharge, unsaturated zone transport, soil pore water, groundwater contamination risk
- MeSH terms
- Fresh Water, Organic Chemicals, Soil Pollutants, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Purification
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