Judging interpretations: But is it rigorous? trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation
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This chapter situates Guba and Lincoln's chapter within the broad philosophical debate about the justifiability of interpretations. The emergence of a new paradigm of inquiry (naturalistic) has, unsurprisingly enough, led to a demand for rigorous criteria that meet traditional standards of inquiry. Two sets are suggested, one of which, the “trustworthiness” criteria, parallels conventional criteria, while the second, “ authenticity” criteria, is implied directly by new paradigm assumptions.
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The trustworthiness of the data was ensured by applying four criteria given by Lincoln and Guba (2007), including credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability of data.
“The trustworthiness of the data was ensured by applying four criteria given by Lincoln and Guba (2007), including credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability of data [31].”
From Experiences of internship nursing students in confronting ethical issues: a qualitative study (2025) · cites this paper as [31]
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Self-citationBut is it rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation
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Holloway, K. J., & Herder, M. (2019) · Journal of Responsible Innovation · doi:10.1080/23299460.2019.1608615 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Concept and Method in Cross-Cultural and Cultural Psychology
Poortinga, Y. H. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108908320 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Leadership Role Identity Construction in Women’s Leadership Development Programs
Brue, K. L., & Brue, S. A. (2018) · Journal of Leadership Education · doi:10.12806/v17/i1/c2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Member-checking activities (Maxwell, 2005; Schwandt et al., 2007) heightened integrity and accuracy of findings by allowing individual participants to judge the legitimacy of the results.”
BackgroundStudent Perceptions of Flipped Learning in a High School Math Classroom
Strohmyer, D. A. (2016) · ScholarWorks (Walden University) · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Makhado, L., Davhana–Maselesele, M., Lebese, R. T., & Maputle, S. M. (2020) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-020-00470-6 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Trustworthiness was ensured through the four principles of Lincoln and Guba’s framework [27].”
MethodAkbar, S., & Woods, K. A. (2020) · European Journal of Special Needs Education · doi:10.1080/08856257.2020.1748428 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sexual health service providers’ perceptions of transgender youth in England
Lefkowitz, A. R. F., & Mannell, J. (2017) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12426 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Fanship and imagination: The transformation of everyday spaces into Lieux D'Imagination
Milazzo, L., & Santos, C. A. (2022) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2022.103399 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Kor, P. P. K., Yu, C. T. K., Triastuti, I. A., Sigilipoe, M. A., Kristiyanto, H. D., Pratiwi, J. P. D., Perdamaian, T. K., Li, M., Pang, P. C. P., & Widagdo, T. M. M. (2022) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-022-03424-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“To enhance the trustworthiness of the qualitative data, the Lincoln and Guba criteria were adopted in this study namely credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability [21].”
MethodKrishnan, S., Mandala, M., Wolf, S. L., Howard, A., & Kesar, T. M. (2023) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.12963 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“45 The codes were further condensed into meaningful subthemes until a consensus was reached among both coders (S.”
Pelts, M. D., & Galambos, C. M. (2017) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1080/01634372.2017.1328478 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Conducting Mixed Methods Research: Using Dialectical Pluralism and Social Psychological Strategies
Tucker, S. A., Johnson, R. B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Icenogle, M. L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190847388.013.32 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Gill, M., Naughton, B. D., Field, M., & Shaw, S. E. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117301 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Adams, S. N., Dadabhay, A., & Neille, J. (2020) · Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica · doi:10.1159/000507928 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Naderi, N., Khosravi, E., Azadi, H., Karamian, F., Viira, A., & Nadi̇ri̇, H. (2020) · Journal of Social Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1080/19420676.2020.1765409 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Data transferability was supported by providing a detailed description of the subject, the participants, data collection, and data analysis (Schwandt, Lincoln, and Guba 2007).”
MethodHussain, M., Figueiredo, M. C., Tran, B. D., Su, Z., Molldrem, S., Eikey, E. V., & Chen, Y. (2020) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaa179 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“81,87 In our experience, STS has a strong base of interpretivist scholar-ship, followed by CSCW and HCI.”
BackgroundNegative customer engagement in emerging markets: cognitive dimension
Do, D. K. X., Rahman, K., Robinson, L. J., & Bowden, J. (2021) · Journal of Strategic Marketing · doi:10.1080/0965254x.2021.1919180 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
AI as a Co-researcher in the Qualitative Research Workflow: Transforming Human-AI Collaboration
Costa, A. P., Bryda, G., Christou, P., & Kasperiūnienė, J. (2025) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069251383739 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“In qualitative and mixed methods research, rigor is particularly important because it indicates the quality and reliability of the study, allowing for much interpretation by the researcher (LaDonna et al., 2021; Schwandt et al., 2007).”
Boateng, G. O., Schuster, R. C., & Boateng, M. O. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112568 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Action research: A mechanism for active engagement of clinical nurses in a program of research
Alomari, A. M. A., Wilson, V., & Lewis, J. M. (2020) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.12690 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Schwandt, T. A., Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Schwandt, Thomas A.
- Venue
- New Directions for Evaluation
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-05-29
- Volume
- 2007
- Issue
- 114
- Pages
- 11-25
- ISSN
- 1097-6736 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-875X
- OpenAlex
- W2020416468
- Cited by
- 829
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New Directions for Evaluation (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Evaluation and Performance Assessment
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
- Keywords
- naturalistic assessment, trustworthiness, authenticity
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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