Epistemological and methodological bases of naturalistic inquiry
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Credibility parallels internal validity in quantitative research.
“Credibility is a significant standard under the tetra-pillars of trustworthiness, which is a qualitative parallel of 'internal validity' in quantitative research.”
From The Tetra Pillars of Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research: Equipping Early Career Researchers with a Fundamental Understanding (2025) · cites this paper as Guba and Lincoln (1982)
Dependability parallels reliability in quantitative research.
“Dependability in qualitative research refers to what quantitative research identifies as reliability.”
From The Tetra Pillars of Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research: Equipping Early Career Researchers with a Fundamental Understanding (2025) · cites this paper as Guba and Lincoln (1982)
Guba and Lincoln (1982) proposed four criteria of trustworthiness: credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability.
“Guba and Lincoln (1982) proposed four criteria to be among the constituents of trustworthiness, including, credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability.”
From The Tetra Pillars of Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research: Equipping Early Career Researchers with a Fundamental Understanding (2025) · cites this paper as Guba and Lincoln (1982)
Transferability parallels external validity or generalizability in quantitative research.
“Transferability in qualitative research parallels what is referred to by external validity in quantitative research.”
From The Tetra Pillars of Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research: Equipping Early Career Researchers with a Fundamental Understanding (2025) · cites this paper as Guba and Lincoln (1982)
Confirmability parallels objectivity in quantitative research.
“Corresponding to objectivity in quantitative inquiry, confirmability as an aspect of trustworthiness is aimed to be achieved.”
From The Tetra Pillars of Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research: Equipping Early Career Researchers with a Fundamental Understanding (2025) · cites this paper as Guba and Lincoln (1982)
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- Authors
- Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- University of Kansas (US)
- Venue
- ECTJ
- Published
- 1982-12
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 233-252
- ISSN
- 0148-5806 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4242688381
- Cited by
- 1,186
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 109 · 2025: 163 · 2024: 147 · 2023: 159 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 11.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ECTJ (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
- Keywords
- naturalistic inquiry, research paradigms, epistemology, research methodology, trustworthiness, qualitative research, social and behavioral sciences
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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