Correcting “winner's curse” in odds ratios from genomewide association findings for major complex human diseases
Open accessAbstract
Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) provide an important approach for identifying common genetic variants that predispose to human disease. However, odds ratio (OR) estimates for the reported findings from GWAS discovery data are typically affected by a bias away from the null sometimes referred to the “winner's curse”. Also standard confidence intervals (CIs) may have far from the desired coverage rates. We applied a bias reduction method to GWAS findings from several major complex human diseases, including breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, type I diabetes, and type II diabetes. We found the simple bias correction procedure allows one to estimate bias‐adjusted ORs that have substantial consistency with ORs from subsequent replication studies, and that corresponding selection‐adjusted CIs appear to help quantify the uncertainty of the findings. Selection‐adjusted ORs and CIs can provide a reliable summary of GWAS data, and can help to choose single nucleotide polymorphisms for subsequent validation studies. Genet. Epidemiol. 34:78–91, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The smaller odds ratios estimated from the replication data could be explained by the winner's curse and shrinkage to the mean.
“Moreover, the winner's curse and shrinkage to the mean (22,25,26) could explain the smaller odds ratios that we estimated from the replication data (Table 2).”
From A genome-wide scan for common alleles affecting risk for autism (2010) · cites this paper as [25]
In many crosses, the estimated effect size is inflated by the Beavis effect or winner's curse.
“In many cases as well, the effect size estimated in the cross will be an overestimate due to the Beavis effect/winner’s curse101,102”
From Rare and common variants: twenty arguments (2012) · cites this paper as [102]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls
The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Management Committee, Burton, P. R., Clayton, D. G., Cardon, L. R., Craddock, N., Deloukas, P., Duncanson, A., Kwiatkowski, D. P., McCarthy, M. I., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05911 · Cited by 9,442 · see citing works
The Future of Genetic Studies of Complex Human Diseases
Risch, N., & Merikangas, K. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.273.5281.1516 · Cited by 5,355 · see citing works
Genome-wide association analysis identifies loci for type 2 diabetes and triglyceride levels
Saxena, R., Voight, B. F., Lyssenko, V., Burtt, N. P., de Bakker, P. I. W., Chen, H., Roix, J. J., Kathiresan, S., Hirschhorn, J. N., Daly, M. J., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1142358 · Cited by 2,843 · see citing works
A genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes in Finns detects multiple susceptibility variants
Scott, L. J., Mohlke, K. L., Bonnycastle, L. L., Willer, C. J., Li, Y., Duren, W. L., Erdos, M. R., Stringham, H. M., Chines, P. S., Jackson, A. U., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1142382 · Cited by 2,753 · see citing works
Genome-wide association study identifies novel breast cancer susceptibility loci
Easton, D. F., Pooley, K. A., Dunning, A. M., Pharoah, P. D. P., Thompson, D., Ballinger, D. G., Struewing, J. P., Morrison, J., Field, H., Luben, R., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05887 · Cited by 2,319 · see citing works
Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Zeggini, E., Scott, L. J., Saxena, R., Voight, B. F., Marchini, J. L., Hu, T., de Bakker, P. I., Abecasis, G. R., Almgren, P., et al. (2008) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.120 · Cited by 1,864 · see citing works
A variant associated with nicotine dependence, lung cancer and peripheral arterial disease
Thorgeirsson, T. E., Geller, F., Sulem, P., Rafnar, T., Wiste, A., Magnusson, K. P., Manolescu, A., Thorleifsson, G., Stefansson, H., Ingason, A., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06846 · Cited by 1,523 · see citing works
Hunter, D. J., Kraft, P., Jacobs, K. B., Cox, D. G., Yeager, M., Hankinson, S. E., Wacholder, S., Wang, Z., Welch, R. A., Hutchinson, A. A., et al. (2007) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng2075 · Cited by 1,463 · see citing works
Robust associations of four new chromosome regions from genome-wide analyses of type 1 diabetes
Finland, G. O. T. 1. D. I., Todd, J. A., the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Walker, N. M., Cooper, J. D., Smyth, D. J., Downes, K., Plagnol, V., Bailey, R., Nejentsev, S., et al. (2007) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng2068 · Cited by 1,456 · see citing works
Amos, C. I., Wu, X., Broderick, P., Gorlov, I. P., Gu, J., Eisen, T., Dong, Q., Zhang, Q., Gu, X., Vijayakrishnan, J., et al. (2008) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.109 · Cited by 1,310 · see citing works
Hung, R. J., McKay, J. D., Gaborieau, V., Boffetta, P., Hashibe, M., Zaridze, D., Mukeria, A., Szeszenia-Dabrowska, N., Lissowska, J., Rudnai, P., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06885 · Cited by 1,275 · see citing works
Genome-wide association study of prostate cancer identifies a second risk locus at 8q24
Yeager, M., Orr, N., Hayes, R. B., Jacobs, K. B., Kraft, P., Wacholder, S., Minichiello, M. J., Fearnhead, P., Yu, K. F., Chatterjee, N., et al. (2007) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng2022 · Cited by 1,122 · see citing works
Multiple newly identified loci associated with prostate cancer susceptibility
Collaborators, T. U. G. P. C. S., Eeles, R. A., Collaborators, T. U. P. S., Kote‐Jarai, Z., Giles, G. G., Olama, A. A. A., Guy, M., Jugurnauth, S. K., Mulholland, S., Leongamornlert, D. A., et al. (2008) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.90 · Cited by 844 · see citing works
A common variant associated with prostate cancer in European and African populations
Amundadottir, L. T., Sulem, P., Gudmundsson, J., Helgason, A., Baker, A., Agnarsson, B. A., Sigurdsson, A., Benediktsdottir, K. R., Cazier, J.-B., Sainz, J., et al. (2006) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1808 · Cited by 787 · see citing works
Genome-wide association scan identifies a colorectal cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 8q24
Zanke, B. W., Greenwood, C. M., Rangrej, J., Kustra, R., Tenesa, A., Farrington, S. M., Prendergast, J., Olschwang, S., Chiang, T., Crowdy, E., et al. (2007) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng2089 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Competitive Bidding in High-Risk Situations
Capen, E. C., Clapp, R. V., & Campbell, W. M. (1971) · Journal of Petroleum Technology · doi:10.2118/2993-pa · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Admixture mapping identifies 8q24 as a prostate cancer risk locus in African-American men
Freedman, M. L., Haiman, C. A., Patterson, N., McDonald, G. J., Tandon, A., Waliszewska, A., Penney, K., Steen, R. G., Ardlie, K., John, E. M., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0605832103 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Tenesa, A., Farrington, S. M., Prendergast, J. G. D., Porteous, M. E., Walker, M., Haq, N., Barnetson, R. A., Τheodoratou, E., Cetnarskyj, R., Cartwright, N., et al. (2008) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.133 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Tomlinson, I. P. M., Webb, E. L., Carvajal‐Carmona, L. G., Broderick, P., Howarth, K. M., Pittman, A. M., Spain, S. L., Lubbe, S. J., Walther, A., Sullivan, K., et al. (2008) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.111 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Study, C. (2008) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.262 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
A genome-wide association study shows that common alleles of SMAD7 influence colorectal cancer risk
Broderick, P., Carvajal‐Carmona, L. G., Pittman, A. M., Webb, E. L., Howarth, K. M., Rowan, A., Lubbe, S. J., Spain, S. L., Sullivan, K., Fielding, S., et al. (2007) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2007.18 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Newly discovered breast cancer susceptibility loci on 3p24 and 17q23.2
SEARCH, Ahmed, S., kConFab, Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group, Thomas, G. D., Ghoussaini, M., Healey, C. S., Humphreys, M. K., Platte, R., Morrison, J., et al. (2009) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.354 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Self-citationCommon variants on chromosome 5p12 confer susceptibility to estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer
Stacey, S., Manolescu, A. R., Sulem, P., Thorlacius, S., Gudjonsson, S. A., Jónsson, G. F., Jakobsdottir, M., Bergþorsson, J. Þ., Guðmundsson, J., Aben, K. K. H., et al. (2008) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.131 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Overcoming the Winner’s Curse: Estimating Penetrance Parameters from Case-Control Data
Zöllner, S. K., & Pritchard, J. K. (2007) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/512821 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Jaeger, E., Webb, E. L., Howarth, K. M., Carvajal‐Carmona, L. G., Rowan, A., Broderick, P., Walther, A., Spain, S. L., Pittman, A. M., Kemp, Z., et al. (2007) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2007.41 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Genome-wide association study provides evidence for a breast cancer risk locus at 6q22.33
Gold, B., Kirchhoff, T., Stefanov, S. A., Lautenberger, J. A., Viale, A. J., Garber, J. E., Friedman, E., Narod, S. A., Olshen, A. B., Gregersen, P. K., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0800441105 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Bias-reduced estimators and confidence intervals for odds ratios in genome-wide association studies
Zhong, H., & Prentice, R. L. (2008) · Biostatistics · doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxn001 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationUpward bias in odds ratio estimates from genome‐wide association studies
Garner, C. (2007) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.20209 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Reduction of selection bias in genomewide studies by resampling
Sun, L., & Bull, S. B. (2005) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.20068 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Flexible Design for Following Up Positive Findings
Yu, K. F., Chatterjee, N., Wheeler, W., Li, Q., WANG, S. S., Rothman, N., & Wacholder, S. (2007) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/520678 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rare and common variants: twenty arguments
Gibson, G. (2012) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3118 · Cited by 1,278 · see citing works
Park, J.-H., Wacholder, S., Gail, M. H., Peters, U., Jacobs, K. B., Chanock, S. J., & Chatterjee, N. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.610 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Warrier, V., Greenberg, D. M., Weir, E., Buckingham, C., Smith, P., Lai, M.-C., Allison, C., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17794-1 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
A genome-wide scan for common alleles affecting risk for autism
Anney, R., Klei, L., Pinto, D., Regan, R., Conroy, J., Magalhaes, T. R., Correia, C., Abrahams, B. S., Sykes, N., Pagnamenta, A. T., et al. (2010) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddq307 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Conti, D. V., Darst, B. F., Moss, L. C., Saunders, E. J., Sheng, X., Chou, A., Schumacher, F. R., Olama, A. A. A., Benlloch, S., Dadaev, T., et al. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-020-00748-0 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Tweedie’s Formula and Selection Bias
Efron, B. (2011) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/jasa.2011.tm11181 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Multiple hypothesis testing in genomics
Goeman, J., & Solari, A. (2014) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.6082 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Common and rare variant associations with clonal haematopoiesis phenotypes
Kessler, M. D., Damask, A., O’Keeffe, S., Banerjee, N., Li, D., Watanabe, K., Marketta, A., Van Meter, M., Semrau, S., Horowitz, J., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05448-9 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Panagiotou, O. A., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & for the Genome-Wide Significance Project (2012) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyr178 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
A re‐evaluation of fixed effect(s) meta‐analysis
Rice, K., Higgins, J. P. T., & Lumley, T. (2018) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society · doi:10.1111/rssa.12275 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
The meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies
Thompson, J. R., Attia, J., & Minelli, C. (2011) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbr020 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Wijsman, E. M., Pankratz, N., Choi, Y., Rothstein, J. H., Faber, K. M., Cheng, R., Lee, J. H., Bird, T. D., Bennett, D. A., Diaz-Arrastia, R. R., et al. (2011) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001308 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Verweij, K. J. H., Zietsch, B. P., Medland, S. E., Gordon, S. D., Benyamin, B., Nyholt, D. R., McEvoy, B. P., Sullivan, P. F., Heath, A. C., Madden, P. A. F., et al. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.07.018 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Rask‐Andersen, M., Karlsson, T., Ek, W. E., & Johansson, Å. (2017) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006977 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Thirty-five common variants for coronary artery disease: the fruits of much collaborative labour
Peden, J. F., & Farrall, M. (2011) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr384 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
A genome-wide association study of a coronary artery disease risk variant
Lee, J.-Y., Lee, B.-S., Shin, D.-J., Park, K. W., Shin, Y.-A., Kim, K. J., Heo, L., Lee, J. Y., Kim, Y. K., Kim, Y. J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.124 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
A Model to Determine Colorectal Cancer Risk Using Common Genetic Susceptibility Loci
Hsu, L., Jeon, J., Brenner, H., Gruber, S. B., Schoen, R. E., Berndt, S. I., Chan, A. T., Chang-Claude, J. C., Du, M., Gong, J., et al. (2015) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.02.010 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationPalmer, C. D., & Pe’er, I. (2017) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006916 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Pierce, B. L., Tong, L., Argos, M., Gao, J., Jasmine, F., Sk, R., Paul-Brutus, R., Rahaman, R. O., Rakibuz-Zaman, M., Parvez, F., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyt182 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Jiang, T., Gill, D., Butterworth, A. S., & Burgess, S. (2022) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyac233 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Genome-wide association study of the five-factor model of personality in young Korean women
Kim, H., Roh, S.-J., Sung, Y. A., Chung, H. W., Lee, J., Cho, J., Shin, H., & Kim, H. (2013) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.75 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Eyes Wide Open: The Personal Genome Project, Citizen Science and Veracity in Informed Consent
Angrist, M. H. (2009) · Personalized Medicine · doi:10.2217/pme.09.48 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Andrews, I., Kitagawa, T., & McCloskey, A. (2019) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjad043 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Transplant genetics and genomics
Yang, J., & Sarwal, M. (2017) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg.2017.12 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
ATP5H/KCTD2 locus is associated with Alzheimer's disease risk
Initiative, A. D. N., Boada, M., Antúnez, C., Ramírez‐Lorca, R., DeStefano, A. L., González‐Pérez, A., Gayán, J., López‐Arrieta, J., Ikram, M. A., Hernández, I., et al. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2013.86 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The Effect of Survival Bias on Case-Control Genetic Association Studies of Highly Lethal Diseases
Anderson, C. D., Nalls, M. A., Biffi, A., Rost, N. S., Greenberg, S. M., Singleton, A., Meschia, J. F., & Rosand, J. M. (2011) · Circulation Cardiovascular Genetics · doi:10.1161/circgenetics.110.957928 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
BR-squared: a practical solution to the winner’s curse in genome-wide scans
Sun, L., Dimitromanolakis, A., Faye, L. L., Paterson, A. D., Waggott, D. M., & Bull, S. B. (2011) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-011-0948-2 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Dunn, E. C., Sofer, T., Gallo, L. C., Gogarten, S. M., Kerr, K. F., Chen, C., Stein, M. B., Ursano, R. J., Guo, X., Jia, Y., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32448 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Nag, A., Venturini, C., Small, K. S., Young, T. L., Viswanathan, A. C., Mackey, D. A., Hysi, P. G., Hammond, C. J., Aung, T., Cheng, C., et al. (2014) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu050 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Jeff, J. M., Ritchie, M. D., Denny, J., Kho, A. N., Ramirez, A., Crosslin, D., Armstrong, L. L., Basford, M., Wolf, W. A., Pacheco, J., et al. (2013) · Annals of Human Genetics · doi:10.1111/ahg.12023 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Faye, L. L., Sun, L., Dimitromanolakis, A., & Bull, S. B. (2011) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4228 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Erratum: Genome-wide association study of the five-factor model of personality in young Korean women
Kim, H., Roh, S.-J., Sung, Y., Chung, H. W., Lee, J., Cho, J., Shin, H., & Kim, H. (2015) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.67 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Lachance, J. (2010) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/1755-8794-3-57 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Oei, L., Estrada, K., Duncan, E. L., Christiansen, C., Liu, C., Langdahl, B. L., Obermayer-Pietsch, B. M., Riancho, J. A., Prince, R. L., van Schoor, N. M., et al. (2013) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2013.10.015 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Liu, D. J., & Leal, S. M. (2012) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.08.008 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Empirical Bayes Correction for the Winner's Curse in Genetic Association Studies
Ferguson, J. P., Cho, J. H., Yang, C., & Zhao, H. (2012) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21683 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Saccone, N. L., Emery, L. S., Sofer, T., Gogarten, S. M., Becker, D. M., Böttinger, E. P., Chen, L.-S., Culverhouse, R., Duan, W., Hancock, D. B., et al. (2017) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntx107 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Roux, M., Perret, C., Feigerlová, E., Oumoussa, B. M., Saulnier, P., Proust, C., Trégouët, D., & Hadjadj, S. (2017) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfx367 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Heterogeneity in precision oncology
Tomasik, B., Garbicz, F., Braun, M., Bieńkowski, M., & Jassem, J. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Precision Medicine · doi:10.1017/pcm.2023.23 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Dunn, E. C., Sofer, T., Wang, M., Soare, T. W., Gallo, L. C., Gogarten, S. M., Kerr, K. F., Chen, C., Stein, M. B., Ursano, R. J., et al. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.12.010 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lee, M. R., & Shen, M. (2018) · ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) · doi:10.1145/3219819.3219905 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Strategies for Developing Prediction Models From Genome‐Wide Association Studies
Wu, J., Pfeiffer, R. M., & Gail, M. H. (2013) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21762 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Emami, N. C., Cavazos, T. B., Rashkin, S. R., Cario, C. L., Graff, R. E., Tai, C. G.-L., Mefford, J., Kachuri, L., Wan, E., Wong, S., et al. (2020) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2635 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hu, Y., Bien, S. A., Nishimura, K. K., Haessler, J., Hodonsky, C. J., Baldassari, A., Highland, H. M., Wang, Z., Preuss, M. H., Sitlani, C. M., et al. (2021) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-021-07745-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The SNP rs1883832 in CD40 Gene and Risk of Atherosclerosis in Chinese Population: A Meta-Analysis
Yun, Y., Ma, C., & Ma, X. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097289 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Genetic association of complement receptor 1 polymorphism rs3818361 in Alzheimer's disease
Antúnez, C., Boada, M., López‐Arrieta, J., Moreno‐Rey, C., Hernández, I., Marín, J., Gayán, J., Initiative, A. D. N., González‐Pérez, A., Real, L. M., et al. (2011) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.05.2412 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Guo, H., Ming, J., Liu, C., Li, Z., Zhang, N., Cheng, H., Wang, W., Shi, W., Shen, N., Zhao, Q., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052445 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ke, J., Zhong, R., Zhang, T., Liu, L., Rui, R., Shen, N., Sun, Y., Liu, L., Cheng, L., & Miao, X. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062485 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lu, X., Ke, J., Luo, X., Zhu, Y., Zou, L., Li, H., Zhu, B., Xiong, Z., Chen, W., Deng, L., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076252 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Zheng, X., Wang, L., Zhu, Y., Guan, Q., Li, H., Xiong, Z., Deng, L., Lü, J., Miao, X., & Cheng, L. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034625 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Li, A., & Meyre, D. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573400510666140319235334 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Comen, E., Balistreri, L., Gönen, M., Dutra-Clarke, A., Fazio, M., Vijai, J., Stadler, Z., Kauff, N., Kirchhoff, T., Hudis, C., et al. (2010) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-010-1215-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Fast computation for genome-wide association studies using boosted one-step statistics
Voorman, A., Rice, K. M., & Lumley, T. (2012) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts291 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Resampling to Address the Winner's Curse in Genetic Association Analysis of Time to Event
Poirier, J. G., Faye, L. L., Dimitromanolakis, A., Paterson, A. D., Sun, L., & Bull, S. B. (2015) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21920 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Zou, L., Zhong, R., Lou, J., Lu, X., Wang, Q., Yang, Y., Xia, J., Ke, J., Zhang, T., Sun, Y., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045461 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Correcting for volunteer bias in GWAS increases SNP effect sizes and heritability estimates
van Alten, S., Domingue, B. W., Faul, J. D., Galama, T. J., & Marees, A. T. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58684-8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Zou, J., Zhou, J., Faller, S., Brown, R., Sankararaman, S., & Eskin, E. (2022) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1093/g3journal/jkac261 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Empirical Evaluation of Gene and Environment Interactions: Methods and Potential
Prentice, R. L. (2011) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djr279 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic markers associated with long-term cardiovascular outcome in kidney transplant recipients
Pihlstrøm, H. K., Mjøen, G., Mucha, S., Franke, A., Jardine, A. G., Fellström, B., Dahle, D. O., Holdaas, H., & Melum, E. (2018) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ajt.15191 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hernández, I., Rosende‐Roca, M., Alegret, M., Mauleón, A., Espinosa, A., Vargas, L., Sotolongo‐Grau, Ó., Tárraga, L., Boada, M., & Ruiz, A. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-132432 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Weigl, K., Chang-Claude, J. C., Hsu, L., Hoffmeister, M., & Brenner, H. (2019) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.32664 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Fine mapping of 14q24.1 breast cancer susceptibility locus
Lee, P. L., Fu, Y., Figueroa, J. D., Prokunina‐Olsson, L., Bosquet, J. G., Kraft, P., Wang, Z., Jacobs, K. B., Yeager, M., Horner, M., et al. (2011) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-011-1088-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationDluzniewski, P. J., Xu, J., Ruczinski, I., Isaacs, W. B., & Platz, E. A. (2014) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0863 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., & Sun, L. (2023) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btad139 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Shi, J., Park, J.-H., Duan, J., Berndt, S. I., Moy, W., Yu, K., Song, L., Wheeler, W., Hua, X., Silverman, D. T., et al. (2016) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/034082 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nierenberg, J. L., Adamson, A. W., Hu, D., Huntsman, S., Patrick, C. S., Li, M., Steele, L., Tao, S., Ding, Y. C., Tong, B., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60564-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Liu, L., Su, Q., Li, L., Lin, X., Gan, Y., & Chen, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100133 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Efficient estimation of disease odds ratios for follow-up genetic association studies
Hu, J., Zhang, W. E., Li, X., Pan, D., & Li, Q. (2017) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280217741771 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fallacies and Pitfalls in Genome-Wide Association Studies
Hecker, J., Craig, A., Hughes, A., Neidich, J., Taswell, C., & Laird, N. M. (2023) · Brainiacs Journal of Brain Imaging And Computing Sciences · doi:10.48085/gfa4e8812 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Validation of associations between ESR1 variants and breast cancer risk in Chinese cohorts
Li, X., Yao, G., Li, F. X., Qiu, Y., & Yang, X. (2016) · Genetics and Molecular Research · doi:10.4238/gmr.15036683 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Selection Bias Correction and Eect Size Estimation under DependencePreprint
Tan, K. M., Simon, N., & Witten, D. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Winner’s Curse Free Robust Mendelian Randomization with Summary Data
Xie, Z., Zhang, W., Wang, J., & Wu, C. (2025) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.2025.2587321 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, H., Wang, Y., Huang, D., Jiang, X., Li, C., Xia, X., Liu, G., Shi, J., & Li, X. (2025) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.124.038088 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Narne, P. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8946-7_18 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Who are the Guardians of Truth and Integrity?
Taswell, S. K., & Craig, A. (2023) · Brainiacs Journal of Brain Imaging And Computing Sciences · doi:10.48085/y331839fb · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cai, J., & Hsu, L. (2013) · Lifetime Data Analysis · doi:10.1007/s10985-013-9284-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The genetic architecture of Parkinson's disease : emphasis on genetic susceptibility
Brás, J. (2010) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Andrews, I., Kitagawa, T., & McCloskey, A. (2022) · doi:10.1920/wp.cem.2018.7318
Emami, N. C., Cavazos, T. B., Rashkin, S. R., Cario, C. L., Graff, R. E., Tai, C. G.-L., Mefford, J., Kachuri, L., Wan, E., Wong, S., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.c.6513064
Author comment: Heterogeneity in precision oncology — R0/PR1
Jassem, J. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Precision Medicine · doi:10.1017/pcm.2023.23.pr1
Decision: Heterogeneity in precision oncology — R1/PR8
(2023) · Cambridge Prisms Precision Medicine · doi:10.1017/pcm.2023.23.pr8
Review: Heterogeneity in precision oncology — R1/PR6
Tomasik, B., Garbicz, F., Braun, M., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Precision Medicine · doi:10.1017/pcm.2023.23.pr6
Recommendation: Heterogeneity in precision oncology — R0/PR3
Tomasik, B., Garbicz, F., Braun, M., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Precision Medicine · doi:10.1017/pcm.2023.23.pr3
Decision: Heterogeneity in precision oncology — R0/PR4
Tomasik, B., Garbicz, F., Braun, M., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Precision Medicine · doi:10.1017/pcm.2023.23.pr4
Recommendation: Heterogeneity in precision oncology — R1/PR7
Tomasik, B., Garbicz, F., Braun, M., et al. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Precision Medicine · doi:10.1017/pcm.2023.23.pr7
Review: Heterogeneity in precision oncology — R0/PR2
(2023) · Cambridge Prisms Precision Medicine · doi:10.1017/pcm.2023.23.pr2
Author comment: Heterogeneity in precision oncology — R1/PR5
Jassem, J. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Precision Medicine · doi:10.1017/pcm.2023.23.pr5
Hu, Y., Bien, S. A., Nishimura, K. K., Haessler, J., Hodonsky, C. J., Baldassari, A., Highland, H. M., Wang, Z., Preuss, M. H., Sitlani, C. M., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14759550
Association Studies to Map Genes for Disease-Related Traits in Humans
Hanson, R. L., & Malhotra, A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-46306-2_4
Hu, Y., Bien, S. A., Nishimura, K. K., Haessler, J., Hodonsky, C. J., Baldassari, A., Highland, H. M., Wang, Z., Preuss, M., Sitlani, C. M., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14759553
Characterising the Stability of Polygenic Risk Scores: implications for risk stratificationPreprint
Ferreira, A., Lind, P. A., Moody, H., Hickie, I. B., Olsen, C. M., Whiteman, D. C., Law, M. H., Siskind, D. J., Martin, N. G., Medland, R. C., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.05.17.26353273
- Authors
- Zhong, H., & Prentice, R. L.
- Affiliations
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhong, Hua
- Venue
- Genetic Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-07-28
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 78-91
- ISSN
- 0741-0395 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2272
- PMC
- PMC2796696
- OpenAlex
- W1972929463
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 5.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Genetic Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Public Health Service (HHSN268200764314C)
- National Cancer Institute (CA53996, P01CA053996)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Keywords
- winner's curse, genome-wide association study, confidence interval coverage, selection bias, complex diseases, single nucleotide polymorphisms, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, replication study
- MeSH terms
- Breast Neoplasms, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Disease, Female, Humans, Lung Neoplasms, Male, Prostatic Neoplasms, Colorectal Neoplasms, Bias, Confidence Intervals, Odds Ratio, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome-Wide Association Study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
