The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Aperiodic phase re‐setting in scalp EEG of beta–gamma oscillations by state transitions at alpha–theta rates
Open accessAbstract
We evaluated the rapid changes in regional scalp EEG synchronization in normal subjects with spatial and temporal resolution exceeding prior art 10‐fold with a high spatial density array and the Hilbert transform. A curvilinear array of 64 electrodes 3 mm apart extending 18.9 cm across the scalp was used to record EEG at 200/sec. Analytic amplitude (AA) and phase (AP) were calculated at each time step for the 64 traces in the analog pass band of 0.5–120 Hz. AP differences approximated the AP derivative (instantaneous frequency). The AP from unfiltered EEG revealed no reproducible patterns. Filtering was necessary in the β and gamma ranges according to a technique that optimized the correlation of the AP differences with the activity band pass filtered in the alpha range. The sizes of temporal AP differences were usually within ±0.5 radian from the average step corresponding to the center frequency of the pass band. Large AP differences were often synchronized over distances of 6 to 19 cm. An optimal pass band to detect and measure these recurring jumps in AP in the β and γ ranges was found by maximizing the α peak in the cospectrum of the correlation between unfiltered EEG and the band pass AP differences. Synchronized AP jumps recurred in clusters (CAP) at α and theta rates in resting subjects and with EMG. Cortex functions by serial changes in state. The Hilbert transform of EEG from high‐density arrays can visualize these state transitions with high temporal and spatial resolution and should be useful in relating EEG to cognition. Hum. Brain Mapping 19:248–272, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Using a Hilbert analysis of the cortical EEG, Freeman et al. (2003) report that electrophysiological equilibria reflect a hemisphere-wide spatial phase change, occurring at theta rates.”
From Global Workspace Dynamics: Cortical “Binding and Propagation” Enables Conscious Contents (2013) · cites this paper as Freeman et al. (2003)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks
Watts, D. J., & Strogatz, S. H. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/30918 · Cited by 43,060
PIKOVSKY, A. S., Rosenblum, M., & Kurths, J. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511755743 · Cited by 8,250
Self-organized criticality: An explanation of the 1/ f noise
Bak, P., Tang, C., & Wiesenfeld, K. A. (1987) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.59.381 · Cited by 7,644
The brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration
Varela, F., Lachaux, J.-P., Rodriguez, E., & Martinerie, J. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35067550 · Cited by 4,761
Visual Feature Integration and the Temporal Correlation Hypothesis
Singer, W., & Gray, C. M. (1995) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.003011 · Cited by 3,217
Perception's shadow: long-distance synchronization of human brain activity
Rodriguez, E., George, N., Lachaux, J.-P., Martinerie, J., Renault, B., & Varela, F. J. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/17120 · Cited by 1,915
Stimulus Specificity of Phase-Locked and Non-Phase-Locked 40 Hz Visual Responses in Human
Tallon‐Baudry, C., Bertrand, O., Delpuech, C., & Pernier, J. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-13-04240.1996 · Cited by 1,526
Nunez, P. L., Srinivasan, R., Westdorp, A. F., Wijesinghe, R. S., Tucker, D. M., Silberstein, R. B., & Cadusch, P. J. (1997) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0013-4694(97)00066-7 · Cited by 1,230
Long-Range Temporal Correlations and Scaling Behavior in Human Brain Oscillations
Linkenkaer-Hansen, K., Nikouline, V. V., Palva, J. M., & Ilmoniemi, R. J. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-04-01370.2001 · Cited by 1,149
Induced γ-Band Activity during the Delay of a Visual Short-Term Memory Task in Humans
Tallon‐Baudry, C., Bertrand, O., Peronnet, F., & Pernier, J. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-11-04244.1998 · Cited by 900
Research works printed but not linked: 5
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–214 of 214
Kozma, R. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7320-6_68-1
Kozma, R. (2015) · Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6675-8_68
General Conference Presentation Abstracts
(2006) · Journal of Neurotherapy · doi:10.1300/j184v09n04_09
Kozma, R. (2022) · Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1006-0_68
Spike Frequency Adaptation for A Novel Logistic Spiking Neuron Model
Zhang, L. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom (DIKW) · doi:10.1109/dikw64278.2024.00018
“Freeman demonstrated aperiodic phase re-setting in scalp EEG of beta-gamma oscillations by state transitions at alpha-theta rates [7].”
Gas Recognition with Electronic Nose Based on Optimized Olfactory Bionic ModelPreprint
Cheng, Y., Liu, J., Wang, J., Liu, C., Wang, Y., Shi, Y. H., & Men, H. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5772887
Systèmes de contrôle cardiovasculaire et respiratoire et leur interaction en période néonatale
Al-Omar, S. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/8741a49dz21c9z49dfz9297zb6458a21973e
Experimental Investigation of High-Resolution Spatio-Temporal Cortical Activity Patterns
Kozma, R., & Freeman, W. J. (2026) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00242-6_3
Self-citationBaars, B. J., & Geld, N. (2026) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00242-6_12
Davis, J. J. J. (2026) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00242-6_16
Heuristic Interpretation of the Experimental Results as Cortical Phase Transitions
Kozma, R., & Freeman, W. J. (2026) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00242-6_4
Self-citationCheng, Y., Liu, J., Shi, Y., Wang, Y., & Men, H. (2026) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2026.3693348
“The KIII model, proposed by the Freeman group, utilizes systems of nonlinear differential equations to simulate the collective oscillation and dynamic evolution of olfactory neural networks, shifting the paradigm from “pattern matching” to “biological process simulation” [8], [9], [10].”
InfluentialBatterton, C. G., Owen, M., König, J. L., Manchester, R., Abusaleh, D. N., Ensing, S. B., Shepherd, C. A., & Head, M. A. (2026) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering13111275
Metadata
- Authors
- Freeman, W. J., Burke, B. C., & Holmes, M. D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Harborview Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Freeman, Walter J.
- ORCID
- Holmes, Mark D.
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-06-26
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 248-272
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC6871824
- OpenAlex
- W2161350892
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 8.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0130352)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NCC21244)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- beta-gamma oscillations, Hilbert transform, instantaneous frequency, state transitions, electromyography
- MeSH terms
- Alpha Rhythm, Cerebral Cortex, Cognition, Cortical Synchronization, Electroencephalography, Electromyography, Female, Humans, Male, Muscles, Scalp, Theta Rhythm
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
